The Narrative Characteristics of The Da Vinci Code

The paper attempts to reveal the narrative characteristics of The Da Vinci Code from the perspective of feminist narratology. Based on interpretation of embedded narrative, the author discovers that structure of the story is covertly inscribed with male domination over female character. In analysis of sequential communal voice, it is proved that Langdon collaborates with Teabing to indoctrinate Sophie with patriarchal ideology, which further demonstrates the novel is fraught with textually marked male hegemony and female marginalization.


Introduction
Dan Brown's multi-layered fiction starts from deconstructing the traditional interpretation of Leonardo's artistic works, develops by self-reconstructing the symbolic system of the artistic and religious world, and terminates with an indefinite, thought-provoking ending. The novel purports to expose an ancient conspiracy of Vatican and the Priory of Sion, which according to Dan Brown conceals the marriage and offspring of Jesus Christ and Mary Magdalene. In the critical circle of The Da Vinci Code, most of scholars tend to label The Da Vinci Code a feminist text in post-modernistic literary context, regardless of various perspectives and theories adopted by them. Under such academic circumstances, the author applies the feminist narratology to analyze the narrative characteristics of The Da Vinci Code, to justify that female character in the text is dominated by male narrators, and is suppressed to be speech-absent and consigned to How to cite this paper: Zhao, P. (2020).
The Narrative Characteristics of The Da Vinci Code. Advances in Literary Study, 8,

Brief Review of the Feminist Narratology
For some twenty years in history, feminism and narratology have entailed separate inquiries of antithetical tendency: the one general, mimetic and political, the other specific, semiotic and technical. Robyn Warhol illustrates some compelling reasons in Feminisms: an Anthology of Literary Theory and Criticism as accountable for their incompatibility. At first, the technical vocabulary (neology) of narrative poetics has alienated feminist critics who maintain special political concerns. Secondly, feminists are distrustful to the conceptual universe which is organized into the neat paradigms of binary logic in the traditional theory. Then "It is readily apparent that virtually no work in the field of narratology has taken gender into account […]. This means […] the narratives which have provided the foundation for narratology have been either men's texts or texts treated as men's" (Warhol & Diane, 1991: p. 612). This indicates the cannon on which narrative theory is grounded has been relentlessly, if not intentionally, manmade. If the two domains converge on some common issues, a double-edged effect would be achieved. On the one hand, the introduction of gender factor and social properties in the interpretation of narrative discourse can make up for the deficiency of narratology in its ideological orientation. On the other hand, the application of the techniques of narrative poetics in the exploration of feminist writing will make the feminism more objective. In 1980s, Feminist narratology entered the critical arena in North America as an interdisciplinary criticism that draws on both structural narratology and feminist criticism. "Feminist narratology shares some common grounds with traditional rhetorical narratology, such as concerns for the intention of author' s creation and the rhetorical effect of narrative structure, but their distinction is quite obvious for feminist narratology emphasizes in addition the "sexual politics" of the narrative structure" (Shen et al., 2005: p. 276).
American scholar Susan S. Lancer is regarded as the initiator of feminist narratology on account of her research on the issue, and her The Narrative Act: Point of View in Prose Fiction published in Princeton University Press in 1981 was the first to associate the narrative forms with feminist criticism, which inaugurated the practice of feminist narratology although the term was not formally adopted in this book then. As a formalist scholar, Lancer is deeply influenced by feminism, Marxism and speech act theory and she is the first to propose the theoretical framework of feminist narratology, besides some practical analyses. Her studies were succeeded by some academic papers on feminist narratology by Brewer, Warhol and Mieke Bal, whose concerted efforts helped to ble the structural narratology to survive but also make the feminist narratology one of the most influential branches of postclassical narratology.
In Toward a Feminist Narratology, Lanser argues "feminism interprets a literary work from mimetic perspective, while narratology analyzes a literary text from semiotic perspective. Literature is an interwoven area between the two: it is representation of reality from mimetic perspective, and the reconstruction of language from semiotic perspective" (Lanser, 1992: p. 613). Realizing the duality of a narrative discourse, feminist should pay attention to the structural characteristics to make more scrutinous and minute analysis of the narrative by applying narrative theories. But some feminist scholars regard literary theory as the phallogocentric discourse of the patriarchy, which is to be subverted in feminist criticism, thus they are likely to resist the structural narratology. To erase the skepticism of some feminist to structural narratology, Warhol asserts, in Gendered Intervention, narratology does not essentially entail gender bias. His argument bases on three aspects: 1) Narratology aims to analyze the structural features of a literary work but not to make comment on it, which does not necessary involve hierarchical relationship typical of patriarchy; 2) Narratology is a dynamic and open system and a diversity of literary texts are to be included into its scope to enrich the theory, although the early theoretic framework is constructed on the male literary texts; 3) The construction of the 'gendered-discourse poetic' consists of two steps: narrative analysis serves as the first, and the second step is to associate narratology with historical context to examine  (Warhol, 1989: pp. 14-16).
The often-asserted goal of feminist criticism has been to reveal, criticize and subvert the "patriarchal discourse". In terms of feminism, discourse designates that the language as semiotic system, writing techniques, thinking system, philosophical system and symbolic system of literature, and discourse represents an implicit mechanism of power-relationship, which has received a great deal of attention by feminists. Dale Spender's Man Made Language (1980), as the title suggests, considers that "women have been fundamentally oppressed by male-dominated language. If we accept Foucault's argument that what is 'true' depends on who controls discourse, then it is apparent that men's domination of discourse has trapped women inside a male 'truth'" (Selden et al., 2004: p. 128). From this point of view some feminists strive to contest men's control of discourse and some advocate women writers to adopt the "stronger" discourse of men if they wish to achieve social equality with them. In narrative poetics, discourse represents the technique level: the written words or the means by which the content is communicated as discussed in the introduction of this thesis. There lie obvious differences between feminism and feminist narratology in terms of the subject matters considering the analysis of the three-level of a narrative: story, narrative discourse, and narrating. Feminism tends to focus on the story level to reveal the distortion of female characters, the expression of female experience, female consciousness, position, identity, and the reconstruction of female subjectivity in the process of reading. "But on the story level feminist narratology mainly concerns the structural features and relationship: 1) the sexual discrimination embodied in the structure of men's literary works; 2) the differences in structures between stories written by men and those by women" (Shen et al., 2005: pp. 284-285). Contrary to feminism, the focus of feminist narratology mainly dwells on narrative and narrating level for which feminist narrative poetics bridges the polemic feminism with the systematic and scientific studies of narrative poetics, and makes the two mutually reinforced.

The Narrative Structure of The Da Vinci Code
The no monk is set on his quest of the object that Sauniere's brethren try to protect, as he confirms the whereabouts given by the four guardians refers to the identical place. In the fifteen minutes before his drawn-out death, Sauniere tries to pass on the secret to finish the mission with which his brethren have been entrusted for centuries. He spends the last minutes of his life arranging his own body in strange fashion: stripping off every shred of clothing, arms and legs sprawling outward like Da Vinci's The Vitruvian Man surrounded by a large circle, drawing with his own blood a five-pointed star, the pentacle centered on his navel, and writing a bizarre message with series of numbers and three lines of words.
The last line of the message goes like this: "P.S. Find Robert Langdon" (Brown, 2003: p. 74). It is the last sentence on the parquet floor of the Louvre's Grand Gallery that involves Sophie Neveu and Robert Langdon into the inquiry of the symbolic world and the Holy Grail quest.
The summary made in the preceding paragraph is the first-degree narrative because other narratives are embedded in it and it serves as the primary structure of the story. In Narrative Discourse Revisited, "Gerard Genette has illustrated the basic structure of embedded narratives with the help of a naive drawing using stick-figure narrators and speech-bubble narratives" (Genette, 1988: p. 85). In Figure 1 below, first-degree narrative A contains a second-degree narrative B.
If the underlying structure of the novel is generalized in a sentence, it should be "Jacques Sauniere wants Sophie Neveu to reveal the secret". Some critics recommend that the generalization of the first-degree narrative be "Jacques Sauniere hands down a secret to Sophie Neveu". The former designates that the secret is still left to be interpreted and revealed by Sophie, while the latter means the secret is crystal clear to her. If the primary structure of the story is generalized with the second sentence, it is needless for Dan Brown to continue the story any longer concerning the purported theme of The Da Vinci Code. Thus in The Da Vinci Code, the first-degree narrative A in Figure 1 is "Jacques Sauniere wants Sophie Neveu to reveal the secret", and the second-degree narrative B should be "revealing the secret" or the "Holy Grail quest".
The actantial grammar with its discussion on the semantics of event and role  launch an analytical overview of the narrative structure. "Algirdas J. Greimas points out that actants and predicates are two big classes to make up the 'semantic syntax', and they combine with each other to form the semantic kernel or nucleus of a textual micro-universe" (Budniakiewicz, 1992: p. 75). The actantial grammar is an extrapolation of the syntactical structure which cast subject, verb, and object as roles in a kind of dramatic representation. "A semantic micro-universe can only become or be defined as a meaningful whole insofar as the underlying structure can rise into view as 'a simple spectacle', as an actantial structure" (ibid 76). "An actant is a class of actors whose members have an identical relation to the aspect of telos (teleology of the fabula) which constitutes the principle of the fabula (Russian formalist term for story), and the shared relation is called the function" (Bal, 1985: p. 26). The most important relationship is between the actor who follows an aim and that aim itself, which may be compared to that between subject and direct object in a sentence. The subject-actant aspires towards a goal or an object-actant, and the intention of the subject is in itself not sufficient to reach the object, so there are always positive powers to facilitate the achievement of the aim or negative powers to block it. The power in many cases not a person but an abstraction: e.g. society, fate, time, human trait, cleverness, etc. "In principle the subject and the power predominate more, or are more active in a grammatical sense, than object and the receiver, because they are the agent, or the (grammatical) subject, either of the function of intention/ evasion or of giving/receiving" (ibid 28).
In the first-degree narrative of The Da Vinci Code as generalized in the preceding paragraph, the subject actant is Jacques Sauniere who aspires to bring about Sophie Neveu's revealing of the secret. And the object actant is a matter or a state Jacques Sauniere aspires to reach-Sophie Neveu's revelation of the secret. In this sense, the sender is Jacques Sauniere, and the receiver is Sophie Ne-   (David, 1999: pp. 33-65).
In this narrative paradigm, Kafalenos adopts some concepts from other narrative grammars such as "actant" of Greimas, "overall development of a narrative" of T. Todorov, and "functions model" of Vladimir Propp. By applying Kafalenos narrative paradigm to analyze the second-degree narrative in The Da Vinci Code, the main narrative clue-Sophie and Langdon's Holy Grail quest comes under scrutiny in the follow paragraph to reveal the relative narrative lengths and status of the characters: The Initial Equilibrium [not a function]: The reconciliation between the Priory of Sion and Vatican A (or a) The Destructive Event: The mysterious murder of Jacques Sauniere, the Grand Master of the Priory of Sion, who leaves a maze of cryptograms to be decoded. B Sophie and Langdon are summoned to solve A in a bizarre set of circumstances.

C C Actant (represented by Sophie and Langdon) Determined to Solve A:
They are involved into deciphering the enigma left behind by Sauniere. The embedded narrative structure of The Da Vinci Code can be generalized to great accuracy by the following "Chinese-boxes models": The "Chinese-boxes models" indicates both the relative lengths of the various narratives as well as their potentially "open" status. In Figure 3, A is the first-degree narrative, and B embedded in A is the second-degree narrative. B is constructed on a parallel narrative structure: B2 represents albino monk's intervention, and B1 represents Sophie & Langdon's Holy Grail quest. Furthermore, y

The Narrative Voice in The Da Vinci Code
"Voice" has been a heated topic in the feminist narratology but it has been ignored in conventional narrative poetics. As a narratological term, "voice" attends to the specific forms of textual practice and avoids the essentializing tendency of its more casual feminist usage. As a political term, "voice" rescues textual study from formalist isolation that often treats literary events as if they were inconsequential to human history. The concept of "voice" in feminist narratology is adopted from classic narratology for its technical categorization of narrative voices. This concept is applied in feminist narratology to reveal its social and political indication by combining the technical studies of classic narratology with the political and ideological concerns of feminism. Feminist narratology is committed to discovering the historical and contextual reasons for the author's choice of specific narrative voice in literature. In feminist narratology, voice focuses on examining the intertwined relation between social status and textual structure, and serves as the chief technique to express ideological orientation.
Structuralists consider the relation among narrator, narratee, and narrative object only structural, but "Lanser regards it as the site of crisis, contradiction, or challenge that is manifested in and sometimes resolved through ideologically charged technical practice" (Lanser, 1992: p. 7). For feminists, the choice of an appropriate narrator, who takes control of the right of "voicing", has become the signifier of achievement of women's social status and power in the hierarchical power system. Lanser argues, "Despite compelling interrogations of 'voice' as a humanist fiction, for the collectively and personally silenced the term has become a trope of identity and power: as Luce Irigaray suggests, to find a voice (voix) is to find a way (voie)" (Lanser, 1992: p. 3).
Lanser's originality on the subject of narrative voice is manifested in her distinction of three molds of narrative voice: authorial, personal and communal voices in Fictions of Authority: Women Writers and Narrative Voice (1992). In this book, Lanser explores certain configurations of textual voice in fictions by women of Britain, France and United States, writing from the mid-eighteenth century to mid-twentieth, and she defines that "female voice-a term used here simply to designate the narrator's grammatical gender-is a site of ideological tension made visible in textual practices" (Lanser, 1992: p. 6).
In Lanser's distinction, "authorial voice" identifies the narrative situations that are extradiegetic, public, and potentially self-referential, and the authorial mode is directed to a narratee who is analogous to a reading audience; "per- self-consciously telling their own histories; "communal voice", a category of underdeveloped possibilities that has not even been named in contemporary narratology, means a spectrum of practices that articulate either a collective voice or a collective of voices that share narrative authority (Lanser, 1992: pp. 15-21).
To differentiate the authority of the narrators and narrating characters, Lanser's distinction is to be applied in the successive parts. Dan Brown relates The Da Vinci Code from omniscient points of view and he adopts a "public voice" that suggests the narration directed toward a narratee outside the fiction. The omniscient narrator is not present as a character in the story, and even outside the fiction; thus the narrator of The Da Vinci Code is an extradiegetic narrator. In the first-degree narrative of the novel, readers cannot discover the textual distinction between the author and a public, heterodiegetic narrator; so it is safe for readers to equate the narrator with the author, because "Lanser argues if the distinction between the (implied) author and a public, heterodiegetic narrator is not textually marked, readers are invited to equate the narrator with the author and the narratee with themselves (or their historical equivalences)" (Lanser, 1992: p. 16).
The omniscient narrator, the author Dan Brown claims the "authorial voice" in the first-degree narrative. The second-degree narrative is also unfolded from omniscient points of view, but the voice is shared among diverse narrating characters. The omniscient narrator attends to the synchronic and diachronic development of the whole story, while the narrating characters focus on the diachronic development of the Holy Grail quest. "Moreover, since authorial narrators exist outside narrative time (indeed, outside fiction) and are not 'humanized' by events, they conventionally carry an authority superior to that conferred on characters, even on narrating characters" (Lanser, 1992: p. 16). As a result, the male author, Dan Brown as an omniscient narrator in superior to those narrating characters in the novel. The salient narrative feature of the parallel narratives in the embedded narratives is the alternation of the role of narrator and narratee among protagonists in the process of searching for the truth of the Holy Grail.
Harvard symbologist Robert Langdon serves as the initial narrating character for he is the first among the protagonists to emerge on the scene of the murder.
Langdon is a heterodiegetic narrator in that he is not present as a character in the story he narrates. Langdon takes a private voice and directs his narration toward the narratees who are fictional characters. In communal narration, narrative authority is invested in a definable community and textually inscribed either through multiple, mutually authorizing voice or through the voice of a single individual who is manifestly authorized by a community. According to Lanser's further distinction, "a singular form in which one narrator speaks for a collective, a simultaneous form in which a plural 'we' narrates, and a sequential form in which individual members of a group narrate in turn" (Lanser, 1992: p. 21). Based on Lanser's distinction, readers can discern that Langdon is allied with Teabing to constitute a sequential communal voice in the embedded narrative, which is quite contrary to Lancer's observation, for she argues "unlike authorial and personal voice, the communal mode seems to be primarily a phenomenon of marginal or suppressed community; I have not observed it in fiction by white, ruling-class men" (ibid 21). The sequential communal voice is most obviously embodied in Chapter 56 of the novel: Sophie stared at Teabing a long moment and then turned to Langdon. "The Holy Grail is a person?" […] Langdon could tell they had already lost her.
[…] Teabing apparently had a similar thought. "Robert, perhaps this is the moment for the symbologist to clarify?" He went to a nearby end table, found a piece of paper, and laid it in front of Langdon.
[…] "I should add," Teabing chimed, "that this concept of woman as life-bringer was the foundation of ancient religion." (Brown, 2003: pp. 257-259 The Da Vinci Code are apparently lower, weaker than man in these respects.

Conclusion
The Da Vinci Code is a story of the Holy Grail quest, or according to Dan Brown, a story to rediscover the "sacred feminine" to revive the "Goddess Worship" and to subvert the traditional Christian culture. On account of the acclaimed theme of the story, some critics take it for granted that the novel is a feminist text that strives to rediscover the identity of the female. To erase the ambiguity concerning the story that purports to do justice to women, the author of this thesis applies feminist narratology to examining the structure of the narrative and the voice of female character in the novel. The novel is interpreted not only on its political orientations but also on the narrative structure in which the political concerns are encoded. To the disappointment of those credulous critics, the female marginalization and patriarchal domination are pervasively embodied in the structure of the story designed by the male author. The patriarchal domination deprives female character of the rights of "voicing" in the narrative, thus woman in the novel is speech-absent and obscure. The male characters occupy the subjective position and the female character is forced to take an objective position. Feminist literary critics regard literary discourse as the site of power struggle; therefore woman in The Da Vinci Code loses the fight against the oppression of the patriarchy because her voice is suppressed by the male characters in the process of narrating. Outside the fiction the male author claims the authorial voice, and inside it the male narrating characters constitute a sequential communal voice. The female voice is suppressed under the pervasive male's hegemony over the narrative voice. Sophie is taught, in the process of being indoctrinated, to internalize the reigning patriarchal ideology and so she is conditioned to derogate her own sex and to cooperate in her own subordination. Three major premises serve as the foundation to the construction of the novel: 1) The worship of sacred feminine precedes the monotheism of early Christianity.
2) The Vatican has conspired to conceal the marriage between Jesus Christ and Mary Magdalene.
3) The Holy Grail symbolizes the seeded womb of Mary Magdalene, who carries the divine ancestral bloodline of Jesus Christ. The novel purports to rediscover the "sacred feminine" to revive the "Goddess Worship" and to subvert the traditional Christian culture. But the patriarchal domination represented by the religious organization, the police and powerful men historical and present, makes it inconceivable for a male author to fulfill the prescribed theme of the novel. It is strongly recommended that further studies of The Da Vinci Code should be carried out from the perspective of deconstructionism to evoke an insightful interpretation of the multilayered story.

Conflicts of Interest
The author declares no conflicts of interest regarding the publication of this paper.