Movement of Autonomous Vehicles in Work Zone Using New Pavement Marking: A New Approach

The autonomous vehicles are the future of mobility across the globe and are expected to touch the lives of every person of all ages. But this comes with certain challenges regarding safety, reliability, cost, legal framework, regula-tions, etc. however, of all the concern safety and reliability are of utmost importance for researchers and engineers. The current research is focused on the movement of the autonomous vehicle in the work zone. The work zone is one of the most challenging areas for the autonomous vehicle to drive from. This is because the work zones are very dynamic, and all the construction ac-tivities are specific to the site condition and cannot always be predefined. The study provides a concept of how pavement marking can be used for smooth movement through the complicated work zone. In this study, various pavement marking signs have been designed as a concept considering the standard col-ors and striping width being used in the Manual of Uniform Traffic control device (MUTCD). The study assumes that the movement of the autonomous vehicle will not be exclusive and that it will move with the driver driven vehicle. It is expected that autonomous vehicles will require special pavement marking and signage for smooth movement through the work zone. These pavement marking and signage will eventually become part of standard Traffic Control Plans (TCP) and Maintenance of Traffic Plans (MOT). The research aims to study the current research being done in this area and technology being used for detecting various pavement markings and signages.


Introduction and Motivation
Millions of people around the world start and end their day commuting in overcrowded public transit systems like buses and trains. Therefore, improving the quality of commute and accessibility is very critical to improving the life of the people. With the advent of smart cities concept across the globe, the data and digital technology work is improving the quality of life. More comprehensive, real-time data gives agencies the ability to understand how demand patterns are changing and respond with faster and lower-cost solutions. Apart from this, the effective use of real-time data and technology is providing people with more choices in decision making.
From a global perspective, mobility focus is both within the urban settlements and rural habitation. Smart city initiatives have put mobility at the forefront of all technology research. If we look at the key areas of focus on various mobility applications, the major ones are Real-time public transit information, Digital public transit payment, Autonomous vehicles (AVs), Predictive maintenance of transportation infrastructure, Intelligent traffic signals, Congestion pricing, Demand-based micro-transit Smart parking E-hailing (private and pooled), Car sharing, Bike sharing, integrated multimodal information Real-time road navigation, Parcel load pooling, and Smart parcel lockers. All these are directed towards providing people with better choices and make life and travel easier. The movement of (AVs) is the focus area of most research and is expected to transform the future of travel.
AVs or driverless vehicles use the latest technology using the GPS (Global Positioning System) navigation system, radar, LiDAR (Light Detection and Ranging), odometer, sensors to perceive and recognize the signal and traffic signs and on-board computers capable of advanced algorithms and machine [1] [2] [3].
There is no doubt that our roads are made for the human drivers and our policies and legislations are made to cater to this. With the advent of AVs, the construction experts and policymakers will need to work together to see how AVs can navigate through the work zone without limiting its ability to move in the construction work zone safely.
There are many areas of autonomous vehicle limitation. The movement of the autonomous vehicle in work zones remains a challenge to the researchers and automobile manufactures. The main reason is work zones are very dynamic and are always site specifics. The changes in traffic control plans are sometimes so frequent that it is very difficult to write a code of each and information. The major problem area in the movement of AVs in the work zone involves identification of the work zone, detecting the lane closure, detours, understanding the signage and interaction with the human drivers.
Based on various current researches and existing infrastructure that is available for the movement of autonomous vehicles. There is an agreement with the expert and technologist that the available infrastructure is for the vehicle driven by the human and that there is a need for the enhancement of the existing infrastructure to respond to the necessity of connected and autonomous vehicles. Journal of Transportation Technologies Various concern areas have been identified that may hamper the movement of the autonomous vehicle. The few of the major concern areas are: • There is a concern for the autonomous vehicles to negotiate through the work zone being handled through flaggers. Since AVs is designed to scan the roadway signs but the use of flagger and understanding its movement direction is still an area of concern.
• Another area of concern is us of confusing pavement marking in the work zone. During traffic control plans of the roadway. The removal of striping and laying new striping can create a lot of confusion for AVs which tends to scan through the pavement marking to negotiate its trajectory safely.
• One more area of concern is changing the width of a travel lane in the work zone especially on the ramps where the right of way is limited and width of the travel way changes from 12 feet to 8 feet and sometimes even less. With the use of low-profile barrier wall or type 'K' barrier wall on the side can cause AVs to react differently as the close proximity of AVs to road furniture can make sensors predict the potential hazard and can eventually stop the vehicle.
• There is a concern with the placement of road sign on-ramps and its interpretation.
• One more area of concern is the use of different pavement marking on the highway. With the idea of making roads safer efforts are being made to use different pavement marking so that they are safer in all driving conditions. This non-uniformity can cause AVs to behave differently.
• In a work zone area of complex nature where traffic control plan will change more frequently. It is not certain as to how AVs will react. Based on the above area of concern for the movement of AVs the main objective of this paper is to study the movement of AVs in the work zone. This paper seeks to explore the various aspects of the movement of AVs in the construction work zone, use of technology and standardize the pavement marking and design of new signage for the work zone.
The paper discusses the following major aspects: • Lane detection and departure warning technologies; • The major impact of the autonomous vehicles work zone; • Current research and analysis; • Challenges in implementing autonomous vehicles in the work zone.
An attempt has been made in the paper to present a solution by designing a new set of pavement markings that can facilitate AVs movement through the work zone.

Literature Review
There has been a lot of research done to make the work zone as an intelligent system using connected vehicle technologies to reduce crashes. With the advent of autonomous vehicles, the work zones have become an important area of research for academician and engineers. This is mostly because the nature of the work zone is very dynamic and site-specific such that it very difficult to write Journal of Transportation Technologies code for everything especially when an autonomous vehicle is crossing it. Not much research work has been done regarding designing a pavement marking based system which can be used to safely move the autonomous vehicles through the dynamic work zone.
According to Fengxiang Qiao [4] the intelligent work zone system are developed combining the functions of detection, system monitoring, system commu- Of the many approaches for lane detection, only a few works deal with extraction and analysis of road marking. In [8] a lane marker extractor is presented, and the concatenation of these markings is used to estimate the course of the lane. The combination of road borders and road markers was used in [9] for lane detection. Another lane marker extractor is presented in [10]. Stephen Vacek [11] suggests an analysis of two different types of information to classify road markings. The first one is the type of lines e.g. solid or dashed and the second one is the arrow which is painted on the road. The four-step classification of lines starts with a sampling of the painted lines using scanlines. A scanline is a straight line orthogonal to the painted road marking and is represented in 3D world coordinates in the vehicle coordinate system. Other steps of classification are classification of scanlines, concatenation of scanlines and line type classification.
Alex Voronov [12] conducted a pre-study of equipping infrastructure with ra- and guardrails, traffic signs, reflective pavement marking. Voronov [12] outlines several approaches to identify the reflectors, including changing radar cross-section, polarization, and encoding position in the distances between the reflectors, adding additional camera readable elements and putting several reflectors in a row laterally or longitudinally.
Narote [13] outlines various advances in lane detection and departure warning systems and lists the summary and detailed description of lane detection and departure warning systems [13]. Also concludes that the Hough transform is extensively used to detect lane marks, but it requires large computational time.
Also, the problem of lane detection under complex environmental conditions involving shadow, dynamic illumination condition, dense fog, rainy condition, nigh time and bad condition of lane markers, remains an unsolved problem.
Danilo [14] discussed the problem of excessive processing time and false detection due to similarities in color and edges between traffic signs, channelizing lines, stop lines, crosswalks, arrows, etc. [14]. proposes a strategy to extract the lane marking information by taking into consideration its feature such as color, edge, and width, as well as vehicle speed. Using these parameters, the regions are computed by using a road geometric model. The study also concludes the fol- Few studies have been done to study the impact of autonomous and connected vehicles on the work zone in the freeway. Michelle [15] used the integration of LiDAR (Light Detection and Ranging) generated geometric data with connected vehicle speed data to evaluate the impact of work zone geometry on traffic operations. Two case studies where geometric anomalies were identified are discussed in this paper. For this, a short segment with a narrow lane width of 10 -10.5 feet and a merging taper that was about 200 feet shorter than recommended by the manual on uniform traffic control devices was used. To manage the work zone traffic control compliance and quality New York state department of transportation developed a construction and health safety program [16] which includes quality assurance program and inspection procedure [17]. The study shows how connected vehicle data can be used to identify work zone with sig-Journal of Transportation Technologies nificant congestion, and how LiDAR can be used to identify geometric conditions that deviate from design and are likely contributing to the work zone queuing.
There are three aspects of LiDAR deployment [15]. First, all agencies apply highly reflective glass beads or elements to pavement marking to improve night visibility. Well, maintain retroreflective marking provides very high contrast in LiDAR point cloud and can be easily extracted via automated processes [15]. Second, environmental conditions need to be considered when using LiDAR. Unlike video data collection, LiDAR can be used at night. In one night time lane closure workers in reflective gear standing in front of floodlight were more visible in the Li-DAR point cloud than could be visibly observed by the driver. However, LiDAR performance is significantly degraded when there is precipitation [15]. Third, the speed at which mobile LiDAR travels affects the density of the data point cloud, slower speed will produce denser point cloud but may be less safe on high-speed facilities, such as freeway. This study chooses 40 mph as speed. The study concludes that the integration of LiDAR geometric data with the connected vehicle speed data enables the diagnosis of the non-conforming geometric condition in the work zone.
Andrew L. B. [18] Demonstrate that inexpensive expendable radio frequency identification (RFID) tags could be used to identify the spatial location along the pavement alignment of specific truckloads of hot mix asphalt (HMA) production. These tags are placed in the truckload as it leaves the production plant, passes through the paver, and are compacted into the finished mat. Cross-referencing these tags with Global Positioning System (GPS) latitude and longitude coordinates after construction allows spatial referencing of quality assurance (QA) material property data measured at the production plant, enabling linkage to other spatially referenced in-place test results and pavement management system (PMS) pavement performance data [18]. Usually, there are two types of RFID technology that was employed in this study. One is a conventional passive ultrahigh-frequency (UHF) RFID tags and the newer SAW RFID tags. The passive UHF RFID technology encodes a digital signature on a small microchip attached to a copper foil antenna-the RFID "tag". This passive tag receives energy from UHF radio waves transmitted by an RFID "reader"; the tag harvests this incoming radio frequency (RF) energy to transmit its encoded digital signature back to the reader. These RFID tags, although small, can be read several yards away from the reader's antenna. The best part of SAW is that the SAW chip operates in a purely passive mode and does not require supplementary direct current (DC) power (i.e., battery). [18] concludes in the study that the field trials confirmed the very high survival rate of the encapsulated RFID tags. Read success rates varied significantly with tag size and less significantly on other details such as antenna configuration and vehicle speed. The field trials consistently demonstrated that post-construction read success rates of 60 to 80 percent or higher are achievable from a bumper-mounted antenna array, even on a vehicle moving at traffic speeds.

P. Singh, Md A. Islam Journal of Transportation Technologies
[19] [20] and [21] says approximately 25 percent of the crashes in the study set is not traditional ROR crashes but crashes where the vehicle left the roadway at a gentle angle, then oversteered back onto the roadway, resulting in a loss of control and a subsequent crash either with another vehicle, a fixed object on the same or opposite side of the road, or due to overturning because of loss of lateral stability. It is presumed that ROR crashes can be stopped in autonomous vehicles with the implementation of standardized protocol both during and after construction.

Analysis and Results
AVs generally utilize LiDAR, radar, or both in addition to cameras, ultrasonic sensors, inertial measurement systems, detailed mapping and infrared technologies for their movement [22]. These act in three phases that can be compared to a human ability to sense, decide, and act in any given scenario. In phase one, all of these instruments collect data from the environment and are an augmented representation of the human's visual and cognitive system. In phase two, the instruments combine information and, via advanced computing and algorithms, form a plan of action much as the human brain operates cognitively. In the last phase, the AVs act or execute that plan, which may include a maneuver, a change in acceleration, or some other driving action [23].
Through various researches, efforts are being made for the detection of pavement marking in the work zone. However, there are various areas of autonomous limitations like visibility in adverse weather, navigating work zones or temporary traffic patterns and behavior around emergency vehicles. Though adverse weather conditions can substantially reduce the performance of sensors, radars, and LiDAR. This may compromise the performance and reliability of the Autonomous vehicle since sensors may find it difficult to detect the pavement markings especially in the work zone area where restriping, absence of hard surface and replaced with gravel and removed or obscured marking many times makes it very difficult for sensors, radar, LiDAR to detect them efficiently. Therefore, the work zone can present a variety of unusual circumstances not typically encountered during normal driving [23].
With AVs set to become reality from level 1 autonomous to level 5 autonomous stage. The efforts are being made to make its movement safe through the work zone and area of limitation. But due to the very dynamic nature of the work zone, it is very important to design new pavement marking which can be used exclusively for the work zone operations. Work zone usually has long term closure and short term closure. The current study is an effort to suggest as one of the ways which can be used for the safe movement of AVs through the work zone. The study also assumes that even though level 5 automation is achieved for AVs, there will still be a large percentage of human-driven vehicles on roads.
Therefore, an autonomous vehicle will interact with human-driven vehicles while on roads. Journal of Transportation Technologies Since existing pavement markings and road infrastructure was never designed for the movement of AVs but only for the human drivers. Therefore, various issues like uneven work zone surface, confusing pavement striping, etc. were taken care of by human driver judgment and perception while driving through the work zone. Therefore, for the smooth movement of AVs through work zone new pavement markings have been designed as given in Table 1.
The pavement markings have been designed so that AVs can understand the lane closure and decide its path based on pavement markings. Figure 1 shows the detour plan for the South Bound and North Bound ramp closure for I-75.
The designed pavement markings have been used as an example to show the possible movement using the new pavement markings.  Figure 2 SB ramp "B" is closed. One AV reads the SB ramp "B" closure. It is instructed to move ahead. The GPS 3D maps will re-route the path of the AV and right turn sign for right ramp will guide it to make a right turn through ramp "B-1". The left split in this pavement marking using red middle striping will prevent the AVs to move ahead and make the right turn.   Figure 1 shows the detour plan for the SB and NB I-75 ramp closure. The figure

Autonomous Vehicle Work Zone Movement: Example-I
shows the traffic control plans for the movement of human-driven vehicles. The Journal of Transportation Technologies same traffic control plan has been used in this study to show the movement of an autonomous vehicle using the dedicated pavement marking signs for its movement in the work zone. Figure 2 shows the movement autonomous vehicle after SB ramp "B" Closure. Figure 3 shows the movement of autonomous vehicles using new pavement marking when NB I-75 ramp "D-1" is closed. When the NB I-75 ramp "D-1 has closed the vehicle traveling to WB Laurel road cannot make a left turn to ramp "D-1" but will have to take a detour. The new detour plan for the autonomous vehicle will have work zone start sign for the WB traffic followed by the left turn single-lane ramp closure sign. The AVs will detect the sign and will proceed ahead. The AVs will move with the left edge lane marked for the construction. The AVs will now detect the U-turn sign which will have right split sign marked as red striping which directs AVs to make U-turn. As soon as AV makes the U-turn the AVs detect the marking which directs it to proceed and merge to the right lane so that it can merge with the ramp "D" to get on to NB I-75. Once the AV merges to its right it detects the right turn sign which directs it to get on to the ramp "D". Once AV proceeds on-ramp "D" it will detect the end work zone sign. AV will follow the regular speed once the work zone ends.  Figure 2. AV movement for SB Exit ramp "B" Closure in work zone.  This is because laser bouncing snowflakes is just one of many ways that AV can become befuddled by snow. SAW RFID, when used on raised pavement marking, can be one of the possible solutions since this can work in the snow. However, their performance needs to be tested with the movement of AVs in the work zone.

Discussions
As the results provided for a new set of pavement markings can be used as one of the options for the movement of AVs in the work zone. However, various issues need to be taken care of while writing an algorithm for the work zone.
There are certain areas like autonomous vehicle making U-turn needs to be seen while deciding the placement of the pavement marking. In Figure 3 when AV makes a U-turn to merge on to ramp "D". The lane changing pattern of AVs needs to be considered with respect to traffic moving in EB direction. Apart from other issues linked with there is a need for developing a standard protocol for the autonomous vehicles moving in the work zone. There is also a need to develop standard traffic control plans and maintenance of traffic plans which can serve as a standard document for the work zone dealing with AVs.

Conclusions
AVs are set to revolutionize the transportation system and have a big expectation for a transportation engineer in improving mobility, level of service, cost-saving, safety. However, how the driving pattern changes in the future is still a question that will be answered in the future. Assumption of having any situation like increased use of AVs and complete stoppage of use of traditional vehicles is still very vague. Various factors will decide the use of AVs in the future as there could be more useful by 60 -100 years age group rather than by the 20 -60 age group. Apart from this most of the research and simulation are based on the predictive data and each area of concern needs to be dealt with separately since the road infrastructure is dynamic and designed to be used by the human drivers.

P. Singh, Md A. Islam Journal of Transportation Technologies
Though the world is excited about the future and everyone is looking to jump into the new transportation world of connected and AVs. But there are concerns and issues regarding the safety and reliability of the connected and AVs.
The autonomous vehicle will add cost not only to the manufacturing of cars and other AV vehicle but there will be a massive increase not only in the cost of infrastructure construction but maintenance and sustainability of infrastructure.
The reason is the autonomous vehicle is expected to perform much better than the current human-driven vehicles. Their movement will not be restricted to any specific areas. This will put pressure to take infrastructure construction practice to the next level. New protocols and standards will be required to do the construction and move the vehicle in the work zone. This will not be limited to the work zone on interstate highways but also short term and long-term closure on minor streets, residential areas, parking lots, residential neighborhoods, etc.
Since most of the academic research is around the trajectory of the AVs and other aspects. Their interaction with the existing infrastructure and dynamic changes during construction and in an emergency is of importance and needs to be studied with. There is not much data available as to how AVs will respond to such a dynamic situation. Many efforts are being done by big companies like Google and Uber but their data is unavailable for research. The study put forth an idea that can be used to take it further and write a new set of algorithms that can be field-tested using an autonomous vehicle.