Received 21 April 2015; accepted 27 June 2015; published 30 June 2015

ABSTRACT

Amphipathic-type thioesters CH₃(CH₂)_mCOS(CH₂)_nCOONa (m + n = 12) were synthesized and their reaction with various alkylamines was examined. Compounds having thioester moiety close to carboxylate (m = 10, n = 2) afforded the corresponding amides in good yields, while the substrate having thioester moiety distant from carboxylate (m = 2, n = 10) afforded the amides in relatively low yield. In all cases, the difference in yield due to the chain length of amine was not observed. The results indicated that the reaction took place effectively near the surface of micelle. However, the reaction was found to occur not only on micelle surface but also in solution.

Keywords:

Hydrophobic Effect, Amides, Thioesters

1. Introduction

Organic reactions in aqueous media are useful in organic chemistry because of not only convenience and harmlessness but also unique chemical behavior [1] , in which hydrophobic interaction between substrates is thought to be an important factor [2] . We are studying on the formation of amides from thioesters and amines in water, which is one of fundamental reactions in biochemistry. Previously, Kawabata and Kinoshita reported that dimerization reaction of thioalanine or thiophenylalanine S-dodecyl ester in water proceeded in higher yield than the corresponding S-ethyl ester, in the presence of pyridine [3] , and the reaction was explained by a formation of micelle [4] . Polyamino acids was also synthesized by the related method [5] . We reported the presence of hydrophobic effect in the amidation reaction of S-dodecyl heptanethioate (1) or dodecanethioate (2) with n-alky- lamine 3 in water [6] . The reaction was considered to proceed in micelle and the yield of the products 4 or 5 depended primarily on the chain-length of amine 3 (Scheme 1). Namely, long-chain alkylamine, such as dodecylamine, afforded the corresponding amide in good yield, while no amide was obtained from amine having shorter alkyl chain. We also reported the reaction of amphipathic thioesters 6 or 7 with n-alkylamines 3 [7] . In the reaction, the yield of the corresponding amides primarily depended on the chain-length of the thioesters (i.e., 6 or 7) but not on that of n-alkylamine.

Kawabata and Kinoshita reported that their amidation reaction occurred at the surface of micelle [3] [4] . Similarly, the reaction of 1 or 2 was considered to proceed at the micelle surface [6] . In contrast, the micelle surface of each 6 and 7 is occupied by carboxylate moiety which is not a reactive function. The reactive function, i.e., the thioester moiety, may be located slightly inside of micelle, suggesting that the reactivity of the amphipathic-type thioesters depends on the position of the reaction site in hydrophobic chain. Then, we prepare amphipathic-type thioesters having various chain-length between the two functionalities, carboxylate and thioester, and here report that the reactivity depends on the position of the reaction site in hydrophobic chain.

2. Results and Discussion

In the present study, compounds 7 - 11 were used as the substrates. These compounds have the same total chain length (m + n = 12) with different length between two functionalities. Namely, the thioester moiety in 7 (m = 10, n = 2) locates near the micelle surface while that of 11 (m = 2, n = 10) inside. These compounds were prepared according to the previous method [7] [8] .

Compounds 7 - 11 were reacted with various n-alkylamines 3a-e, and the results are listed in Scheme 2 and Table 1. All reactions were carried out under the same conditions described previously (r.t., 24 h, about 13 mM which is more than CMC of 7 - 11) [7] . The reaction of 7 (entries 1 - 5) was re-investigation of the previous study [7] , however, the yield of 12a was much improved when EtOAc was used as the extracting solvent (entry 1). Then, EtOAc was used in all the other reactions. Compounds 7 and 8 afforded amides 12a-e and 13a-e, respectively, in good yields (entries 1 - 10). Thioesters 9 and 10 afforded the corresponding amides 14a-e and 15a-e, respectively, in relatively lower yields (entries 11 - 20), while compound 11 afforded 16a-e in distinctly low yields (entries 21 - 25). In any thioesters, the difference in yield due to the chain length of amine was not observed, suggesting that the primary factor to determine the yield was the structure of amphipathic thioesters 7 - 11 but not amine 3a-e, as observed previously [7] .

Scheme 1. See refs. [6] and [7] for the reaction conditions.

Scheme 2. Reaction conditions: r.t., 24 h, about 13 mM in H₂O. See Table 1 for m, n, and R.

a. Each substrate was mixed in distilled water and stirred at room temperature. Molar ratio of thioester/amine = 1/2. b. Isolated yield after 24 h. Yield after 6 h reaction is shown in parenthesis. c. 65% yield after 7 days reaction.

To clarify the difference between substrates, the reaction was also carried out in a shorter reaction time (6 h) and the yields are shown in parenthesis (Table 1). A distinct difference in yield due to the thioester substrate was observed; namely, amides were isolated in ca. 80% yield from 7, 8 (entries 1 - 10), 60% from 9, 10 (eniries 11 - 20), and 40% from 11 (eniries 21 - 25). Effect of long reaction time (7 days) was also examined using 11 and 3c as the substrates to obtain 16c in 65 % yield, while no improvement in yield was observed in the reaction of 9 or 10 with 3c.

The results suggest that the amidation reaction takes place effectively near the surface of micelle. However, since 11 afforded the amides 16a-e, albeit lower yield, the reaction did not occur only on the micelle surface. Then, the reaction was carried out using shorter molecules 17 [8] and 3a under the same reaction conditions (13 mM in water) in which these compounds do not form micelle. As the result, the corresponding amide 16a was obtained in 36% yield after 24 h, and 32% after 6 h (Scheme 3). As the reaction mixture was a clear solution, the result indicate that the reaction took place in solution.

Scheme 3. Reaction conditions: r.t., 24 h, about 13 mM in H₂O.

The mechanism of the observed effect can be explained as follows. Namely, the reaction occurs easily on micelle surface due to the presence of hydrophobic effect, as described previously [6] , if the thioester group is positioned near the surface as in 7 (Figure 1, left). This effect is small in 11 because the two reaction sites, thioester and amino groups, are distant from each other in micelle. In solution, the reaction proceeds slowly because of lacking of hydrophobic effect (Figure 1, right).

3. Conclusion

Difference in yield of amides was observed in the reaction of amphipathic thioesters 7 - 11 with alkylamines 3a - e. The products were obtained in higher yields from the substrates having the thioester group close to the hydrophilic group, although the reaction was suggested to take place not only on micelle surface but also in bulk of the aqueous solution. The present results indicate that, in addition to hydrophobic effect, position of the functionality is an important factor in aqueous organic reactions.

4. Experimental

4.1. General

Melting points were measured on a Laboratory Devices Mel-Temp apparatus. IR spectra were recorded on a Jasco FT/IR-230 spectrometer. Both ¹H and ¹³C NMR spectra were measured on a Jeol ECX-400P (400 MHz for ¹H; 100 MHz for ¹³C) spectrometer in CDCl₃ as the solvent. Chemical shifts were recorded on the δ scale (ppm) with tetramethylsilane as an internal standard. For ¹³C NMR, the signal of the solvent (CDCl₃ = 77.0 ppm) was used as the reference. Analytical TLC was done on precoated TLC plates (Kieselgel 60 F254, layer thickness 0.2 mm). Wakogel C-200 was used for column chromatography.

4.2. Synthesis of the Substrates

The substrates were prepared from the corresponding acid chloride and thiol [9] . See previous report for the preparation of 1 [6] , 2 [6] , 6 [7] , and 7 [7] . Compounds 8 - 11 were prepared by the same method. Compound 8 was obtained from decanoyl chloride and 5-mercaptopentanoic acid, the latter of which was prepared from commercial ethyl 5-bromopentanoate and thiourea according to the reported procedure [10] . Compound 9 was obtained from octanoyl chloride and 7-mercaptoheptanoic acid (prepared from ethyl 7-bromoheptanoate), compound 10 from hexanoyl chloride and 9-mercaptononanoic acid (prepared from 9-bromononanoic acid), and 11 from butanoyl chloride and 11-mercaptoundecanoic acid (prepared from 11-bromoundecanoic acid). Known compound 17 [8] was also prepared by the same method.

Compound 8: Mp 172.3˚C - 174.7˚C; IR (KBr) 1560, 1441, 1419 cm⁻¹; ¹H NMR as carboxylic acid δ 0.88 (3H, t, J = 6.8 Hz), 1.24 - 1.33 (12H, m), 1.59 - 1.76 (6H, m), 2.38 (2H, t, J = 7.2 Hz), 2.54 (2H, t, J = 7.4 Hz), 2.89 (2H, t, J = 7.0 Hz); ¹³C NMR as carboxylic acid δ 14.1, 22.7, 23.7, 25.7, 28.2, 28.9, 29.0, 29.2 (2C), 29.4, 31.8, 33.1, 44.2, 177.4, 199.7.

Compound 9: Mp 202.3˚C - 203.8˚C; IR (KBr) 1562, 1448, 1421 cm⁻¹; ¹H NMR as carboxylic acid δ 0.88 (3H, t, J = 6.8 Hz), 1.24 - 1.70 (18H, m), 2.36 (2H, t, J = 7.4 Hz), 2.53 (2H, t, J = 7.5 Hz), 2.86 (2H, t, J = 7.2 Hz); ¹³C NMR as carboxylic acid δ 14.0, 22.6, 24.5, 25.7, 28.4, 28.5, 28.6, 28.9 (2C), 29.4, 31.6, 33.8, 44.2, 179.2, 199.9.

Compound 10: Mp 258.4˚C (dec); IR (KBr) 1564, 1442, 1419 cm⁻¹; ¹H NMR as carboxylic acid δ 0.89 (3H, t, J = 6.8 Hz), 1.24 - 1.40 (12H, m), 1.51 - 1.70 (6H, m), 2.35 (2H, t, J = 7.5 Hz), 2.53 (2H, t, J = 7.5 Hz), 2.86 (2H, t, J = 7.2 Hz); ¹³C NMR as carboxylic acid δ 13.8, 22.3, 24.6, 25.4, 28.7, 28.7, 28.9, 28.9, 29.0, 29.5, 31.1, 34.0, 44.1, 179.6, 199.9.

Compound 11: Mp 219.9˚C - 222.8˚C; IR (KBr) 1562, 1446, 1425 cm⁻¹; ¹H NMR as carboxylic acid δ 0.95 (3H, t, J = 7.3 Hz), 1.23 - 1.37 (12H, m), 1.51 - 1.74 (6H, m), 2.35 (2H, t, J = 7.4 Hz), 2.52 (2H, t, J = 7.4 Hz),

2.86 (2H, t, J = 7.2 Hz); ¹³C NMR as carboxylic acid δ 13.5, 19.2, 24.6, 28.8 (2C), 29.0, 29.0, 29.2, 29.3, 29.3, 29.5, 34.0, 46.0, 179.8, 199.8.

4.3. Typical Procedure of the Amidation Reaction

Thioester 7 (0.065 mmol) was added to a stirred mixture of amine 3 (0.13 mmol) in water (5 ml), and the mixture was stirred at room temperature for 24 h (or 6 h). The mixture was extracted with EtOAc, and the ethereal layer was washed with aqueous NaHCO₃ solution, and dried over Na₂SO₄. After evaporation of the solvent, the product was purified by silica gel column chromatography using hexane/AcOEt as eluent to obtain the corresponding amides. The structures of the products were confirmed by comparison of the ¹H NMR spectra with those of reported [6] [11] [12] .

Acknowledgements

Financial support was obtained from the Strategic Research Foundation Grant-aided Project for Private Universities from the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science, and Technology, Japan.

References

NOTES

^*Corresponding author.