Journal of Modern Physics
 Vol.3 No.11(2012), Article ID:24512,5 pages DOI:10.4236/jmp.2012.311216

The Anisotropy of Cosmic Rays and the Global Anisotropy of Physical Space

Yuriy Alexeevich Baurov

Closed Joint Stock Company Research Institute of Cosmic Physics, Moscow, Russia

Email: baurov@mail.ru

Received September 7, 2012; revised October 6, 2012; accepted October 13, 2012

Keywords: Anisotropy of Cosmic Rays; Global Anisotropy; New Force

ABSTRACT

The influence of a new anisotropic factor onto the mechanism of accelerating cosmic rays up to ultrahigh energies (CR UHE) due to a new global natural force with the anisotropic behavior is considered. The directions in the physical space along which CR UHE can arrive, are predicted. A brief comparative analysis of these directions together with the obtained experimental results is given. Their qualitative coincidences are shown.

1. Introduction

In recent years much attention is given to the research of cosmic rays with ultrahigh energies (CR UHE) in the region of Greisen-Zatsepin-Kuzmin energy limit (GZK) 5 × 1019 eV as well as to the investigation of the anisotropy of directions of cosmic particles arrival to the Earth [1-3]. The direct measurements give only some data for the directions of g-quanta arrival straight from the sources. The charged particles of cosmic rays undergo the scattering in the magnetic fields of the Galaxy so that the directions to the sources can be determined only statisticcally by way of observing the anisotropy of particles arrival (i.e. the excess of the number of arriving particles along the direction to the source over the expected number in case of isotropy). With increase in energy of particles the scattering in the magnetic fields decreases, and the anisotropy in directions of their arrival is built up. Therefore the special attention of researchers is drawn by the studying the cosmic rays of ultrahigh energy above the GZK-limit (~1020 eV = 100 EeV) for which the deflections in the galactic fields are so small that we can hope for the direct observation of the source on the celestial sphere. To observe a sufficiently great number of particles of such high energies, the installations with enormous operation areas (thousands km) are necessary. At present there is built and gives results the most large ground facility “The Pierre Auger’s observatory” in the South Hemisphere (Argentina). In the North hemisphere (USA) the ground “Telescopic facility” is began to function. The both ground facilities allow for studying the directions of coming of CR UVE particles over the whole celestial sphere. But the global investigation of CR UVE with the aid of ground facilities meets with the procedural difficulties associated with the different estimations of energies of primary particles in each detector which leads, due to fast fall of cosmic particles intensity with the energy, to large differences in experimental energy estimations for these particles. In this connection the creation of space detectors of cosmic rays is gaining in importance. Such detectors are preparing presently for the MSU satellite “Mikhailo Lomonosov” under the RF’s Federal Cosmic Program with the participation of scientists from Korea, Mexico, Japan [4], and for the International Space Station (the detector JEM-EUSO) under the program of Japan Cosmic Agency with collaboration of scientists from many countries including RF [5]. The advantage of a space detector is its important ability to scan the whole celestial sphere and to obtain the intensity chart of coming CR UHE particles without corrections for distinctions in the energy estimations made for various parts of the celestial sphere. This allows for the more evident detecting the possible anisotropy of cosmic rays that is actively discussed in the literature [1-3,6-10].

In connection with the advancement in the experimental investigation of CR UHE, much attention is given to consideration of theoretic models of their origin [11].

The topic of the present paper is the estimation of possible connection between, on the one part, the anisotropy in directions of CR particles arrival and, on the other part, the assumed global anisotropy of the physical space and the associated new physical interaction [12-26] as the evidences from one of such “nonstandard” models [16,17,23].

2. The “Standard” Model of CR UHE Origin

Before to go on to the basic item of the paper, let us give a brief revue of the “standard” theory of CR UHE origin. The basic model is that of the acceleration of charged particles (protons and nuclei with various atomic numbers) at the front of a high speed gas “shock wave”. This model is characterized by the maximum attainable energies of accelerated particles: on the order of Emax ~ (u/c) ZBL (in EeV units) where u is the gas velocity, c is the light speed, Z the charge of particle, B the magnetic induction (in microgausses), and L is the dimension of the acceleration region (in kiloparsecs). For the galactic cosmic rays, the accelerators are represented by the Supernovas envelopes for which u/c ~ 0.1, B ~ 1, L ~ 0.1 so that, in accordance with experimental data, Emax ~ 0.01 EeV for the protons (Z = 1) and Emax ~ 1 EeV for the iron nuclei. The search for the astrophysical objects capable of accelerating particles up to 10 - 100 EeV leads to the objects that contain gaseous jets moving with high speeds (u/c ~ 1) in strong magnetic fields B and have large dimensions L. Those are cores of active galaxies (B ~ 106, L ~ 1), radio-galaxies (B ~ 104, L ~ 100), and colliding galaxies (B ~ 2 × 104, L ~ 30).

3. The New Physical Models and the Origin of CR UHE

In the “nonstandard” models, the particles with the energy on the order of ~100 EeV can be products of decay of hypothetic heavy particles (mass on the order of ~1024 eV) being the remainders of the Bing Bang [11]. Such particles may be responsible for the dark matter, in particular, for that of the Milky Way. In such a case an asymmetry in the arrival of CR UHE particles relative to the center of our Galaxy must be observed since the Solar system together with the Earth is at the periphery of the Galaxy. The modern experimental data on the directions of arrival of particles with the energy of 10 - 100 EeV are in contrast with this hypothesis.

Another “nonstandard” model is that founded on the new type of interaction between the natural objects. The evidences for the existence of such interaction are obtained in many ground experiments and astrophysical observations.

In the papers [12-14] the results of experiments are described where this non-gauge interaction different from the four known ones (strong, weak, electromagnetic, and gravitational) was firstly detected. Besides the lack of gauge invariance, an important characteristic feature of this new interaction is its anisotropy that manifests itself in a wide range of dimensions: from those for weak interactions (10−17 cm) [16-21] up to the size of our Gal- axy (1022 cm) and more [16,17,22,27]. The magnitude of the force measured was on the level of 0.01 - 0.08 gf at the magnetic field of 10 - 13 T in the 40 - 53 mm solenoid aperture and at plumb mass of 26 - 30 g.

The physical nature of the new force becomes clear from the byuon theory (the non-gauge theory of formation of the physical space and the world of elementary particles from some unobservable objects “byuons”) [16, 17,23]. It follows from that theory that there is a possibility of acting upon the process of mass formation of the elementary particles by the potentials of physical fields since a part of mass of particles associated with the formation of their inner space, is proportional to the modulus of a summary potential AS that cannot exceed, by magnitude, the modulus of the cosmological vectorial potential Ag, a new fundamental constant introduced in [17-19]. As the result of the action of the field potentials (decrease in), each particle gains an energy Dmc2 that corresponds to a new natural force throwing substance out of the region with the weakened AS.

The further experimental investigations of the assumed new interaction with the use of gravimeters with attached magnet [15-17] and plasma systems [16,17,24,25], as well as the measurements of changes in the b-decay rate of radioactive elements [16-21] have shown that the substance is ejected from the region with the weakened AS along a cone with an opening of ~100˚ around the vector Ag determining the global anisotropy of the physical space and having the following coordinates in the second equatorial system: a » 293˚ ± 10˚, d » 36˚ ± 10˚, (a: right ascension, d: declination). The revealed anisotropic properties of the physical space are confirmed by numerous astrophysical observations: the anisotropy in the motion of pulsars in the picture plane [17,22,27], the distribution of earthquakes relative the stars [17,26] etc.

As the new force acts on all particles having mass, the manifestations of the new natural force’s anisotropic properties can be the cause of the observed anisotropy of the cosmic rays. We will try that in the present paper but it should be noted that the new force has isotropic properties, too. In [23] the idea of the new natural force is used to explain such known astrophysical notion as the dark energy. It is shown that at distances on the order of 1027 - 1028 cm the new force begins to exceed the gravitation and diminishes AS pushing galaxies aside due to the negative value of the gravitational potential.

4. The Experimental Data on the Anisotropy of Cosmic Rays and the Acceleration of Particles by the New Global Force

Figure 1 gives the results of an experiment on investigating the anisotropy of cosmic rays with the energy ~10 TeV using the detectors of Milagro, Tibet, and Super-Kamiokande [1-3]. As is seen from the Figure, there

Figure 1. The directions of arrival of cosmic ray particles with the energy of 1 - 10 TeV according to data from the detectors: Milagro (basic map), Tibet (red ellipse), and Super-Kamiokande (pink ellipse). The increase of intensity: dark blue → red.

exist several regions with predominant arrival of particles. These regions have the following coordinates in the second equatorial system: Region A (a = 70˚ ± 10˚, d = 0˚ ± 20˚), region B (a = 130˚ ± 15˚, d = 30˚ ± 20˚), Cygnus Region (a = 305˚ ± 5˚, d = 40˚ ± 5˚). The detected anisotropy of cosmic rays is not large, on the level of 10−3 from the isotropic flux of particles. The reason is that the particles with energies of the 10 TeV order in large part loose the initial direction due to the scattering in the galactic magnetic fields. The experimenters seek explanation of the anisotropy detected in an additional acceleration of particles at the front of collision of the helioplasma with the interstellar medium [1-3].

At the same time that anisotropy may be possibly explained by the additional acceleration of particles by the new global anisotropic force.

The new force is nonlinear and can be represented in the form of some series in the change of DAS. The first term of the series is

, (1)

where N is the number of stable particles in the body considered (the number of electrons, protons, and neutrons), 2mnc2 » 33 eV is the magnitude of the proper energy of particles that can be influenced, with the probability 1, by the potentials of fields, l1 the first dimensional series factor equal to 10−12 (Gs cm)−1, and DX is the change in the space coordinate.

Since the proton has a magnetic moment [28] there is reason to assume that the new force may be, in the cosmic space, a potent accelerator of protons and other charged particles having magnetic moment and, consequently, a considerable magnitude of DAS/DX. For the proton DAS/DX = 1016 Gs [19]. After substituting into Equation (1) and assuming N = 1, DAS = 1011 Gs cm we have F » 10−7 dyne.

During the motion in the Universe the proton can cover, in the vicinity of galaxies, space distances where DAS » 1011 Gs cm. This value is the limiting one for our Universe and can be caused by the action on DAS as by vector potentials of magnetic fields so by gravitational potentials [23].

It is commonly supposed that the protons in the Galaxy diffuse to the Earth for ten thousand years so that the whole distance L » 1022 cm (the measure of a medium-sized galaxy is ~1024 cm [29]). If the force considered acts on scales of L, the energy imparted to the proton by the new force will be of order 1027 eV (much more then the GZK limit). It should be noted that to estimate the energy of cosmic rays we have used the linear approximation (1) that gives, as the ground experiments show [12-14,16,17], nearly an order of magnitude greater value for the new force of nature. In addition, the interaction with the relic radiation will naturally diminish the value of energy obtained but the anisotropic properties of the assumed new force are bound to affect the anisotropy of CR UHE. The coordinates of their arrival to the Earth will be in correspondence with the opposite directions to the new force cone of acting. Figure 2 demonstrates, in the plane of the ecliptic, the directions of action of the new force, of the Ag vector, of vector-potentials from Earth’s and Sun’s magnetic fields, as well as the supposed directions of CR UHE arrival for the characteristic data of motion of the Earth around the Sun (March 21 and December 21). As an example, there are also shown results of an investigation into the anisotropy of CR with the energy of 10 TeV that were measured with the use of the Super-Kamiokande detector [1]. As is seen from the Figure, the basic direction of the anisotropy found in this experiment (a = 75˚ ± 7˚, d = –5˚ ± 7˚) is in correspondence with one of the new force directions, and the found cone of CRs spread (75˚ ± 7˚) practically overlays the predicted approach directions of cosmic rays.

It should be noted that the anisotropy found with the aid of the Super-Kamiokande 1 detector is not great: the significance level of the result is no more than 13%. This can be explained by the fact that the cosmic rays Registered by this detector fall in the CR of galactic origin instead of CR UHE. Nevertheless, the arrival of CR from the regions B (a = 130˚ ± 15˚, d = 30˚ ± 20˚, see Figure 1) is in the correspondence with another direction predicted in Figure 2. The Cygnus Region (a = 305˚ ± 5˚, d = 40˚

Figure 2. The predicted directions of arrival of CR UHE accelerated by the new force of nature F. Ag—the direction of the cosmological vector potential; AE—the direction of the vector potential of the Earth’s magnetic field; AS—the direction of the vector potential of the Sun’s magnetic field (dipolar with 2000 year); 21.03—the characteristic data of the Earth’s orbiting around the Sun; F—the directions of the new force action; CR—the predicted directions of CR UHE arrival in the characteristic days 21.03 and 21/12.

± 5˚) shown in Figure 1 practically corresponds to the direction of the cosmological vector potential Ag (see above). The cause can be that the CR accelerated by the new force can, when interacting with substance, give rise to g-quanta that move precisely in the opposite direction to the global anisotropy associated with the existence of vector Ag.

With increasing energy of particles observed the anisotropy is bound to increase, too. But to determine the primary arrival direction along the new force for the particles with the most large energy (>5 × 1019 eV) that are weakly scattered in the magnetic fields (lesser than 5˚ for protons), there are presently short of data (Figure 2).

When studying cosmic rays in the region of spectrum break according to GZK (due to absorbing by relic photons), an important contribution can be made from extragalactic sources at a range lesser 100 Mps from the Earth for which energy losses at collisions with the photons are small. When observing arrival directions of particles from these galaxies, the direction of the global force will influence along with the position of galaxy on the celestial sphere.

The role of the new force will be large if the acceleration of particles (for example, protons) due to this force is comparable with the acceleration thanks to the “standard” accelerating mechanism at the shock wave. The magnitude of force F for accelerating a proton up to the energy on the order of 1020 eV within the distance L cm can be estimated from the relation FL × 6 × 1011 eV = 1020 eV. For a source with the dimension L = 1023 cm (radio-galaxy) the force F is bound to be no lesser than 10−15 dyne. As was shown above, the magnitude of the new force can be some orders greater.

5. Conclusion

The results of experimental investigations of the cosmic rays anisotropy at considerably low energies (~10 TeV) and at the energies on the level of 1 EeV denote the possible action of a new anisotropic force. To confirm these results, there are necessary further experiments on measuring the directions of arrival of cosmic rays of more high energy. The most quick CR particles (>5 × 1019 eV) that weakly scatter in the magnetic fields of the Galaxy, are of special interest. At that the new anisotropic interaction is evidence of the presence of natural CR with energies much greater than the GZK limit.

6. Ackonwledgements

The author is grateful to B. A. Khrenov and M. Zotov, the researchers from the Research Institute of Nuclear Physics of Moscow University, for useful discussions and some materials on the investigation of CR UHE, as well as to E. P. Morozov for the translation of the paper into English.

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