Journal of Modern Physics
 Vol.3 No.2(2012), Article ID:17693,10 pages DOI:10.4236/jmp.2012.32023

Exact Solution of Dirac Equation with Charged Harmonic Oscillator in Electric Field: Bound States

Sameer M. Ikhdair

Physics Department, Near East University, Nicosia, North Cyprus, Turkey

Email: sikhdair@neu.edu.tr

Received October 14, 2011; revised November 25, 2011; accepted December 13, 2011

Keywords: Harmonic Oscillator; Dirac Equation; Spin and Pseudospin Symmetry; Combined Potentials; Nikiforov-Uvarov Method

ABSTRACT

In some quantum chemical applications, the potential models are linear combination of single exactly solvable potentials. This is the case equivalent of the Stark effect for a charged harmonic oscillator (HO) in a uniform electric field of specific strength (HO in an external dipole field). We obtain the exact s-wave solutions of the Dirac equation for some potential models which are linear combination of single exactly solvable potentials (ESPs). In the framework of the spin and pseudospin symmetric concept, we calculate analytical expressions for the energy spectrum and the corresponding two-component upperand lower-spinors of the two Dirac particles by using the Nikiforov-Uvarov (NU) method, in closed form. The nonrelativistic limit of the solution is also studied and compared with the other works.

1. Introduction

The Schrödinger equation provides an insight to the fundamental quantum chemical problems. There are a number of solvable nonrelativistic quantum problems in which all the energy eigenvalues and wave functions are explicitly known from different operator methods [1] and analytical procedures [2] specially developed to solve the desired wave equation. This solution can be done by using the supersymmetry (SUSY) [3,4], the NikiforovUvarov (NU) method [5], the asymptotic iteration method (AIM) [6], the exact quantization rule (EQR) [7] and the tridiagonal J-matrix method (TJM) [8], etc.

The electron confinement in harmonic oscillator (HO) potential exposed to n external electric field is one of the quantum chemical applications. Indeed, this is well known as charged HO in a uniform electric field or an HO in an external dipole field. Moreover, such model could be also used in the measurement of the relative photo ionization cross section of Rb in the presence of various strengths of external electric fields [9]. The model potential also makes specific predictions about the spacing as a function of applied field and used in the calculation of the energy levels of ammonia in strong electric field [10]. The SUSY and shape invariance methods have been used to determine ESPs are extended to obtain the energy eigenvalues and their generalized partner potentials [11]. It demands the existence of the Witten superpotential [12] associated with the ESPs in order to find the witten superpotential for the combined potential. It is an ansatz used as particular solution of the involved Riccati equation [13]. The generalized eigensolutions of some important ESPs in one-dimension have been studied [11]. Further, the determination of the vibration spectra in some molecular systems is found essential in chemical study. The Morse [14], Hulthén [15,16] and Kratzer [17] potentials are models used to study diatomic molecules. The modifycation on the spectrum energy due to the influence of electric field on a quantum particle of mass and charge confined by HO potential was studied with a disclination [18,19].

Besides, the spherical relativistic HO with spin symmetry has been studied [20]. The Dirac Hamiltonian with scalar and vector potentials quadratic in space coordinates [21] has been used to find an HO like second order equation. This can also be solved analytically for Klein-Gordon (KG) equation with equally mixed scalar and vector potentials (the sum potential and the difference potential [22]. Recently, the triaxial, axial and spherical HO for the case has been solved and applied to the study of antinucleons embedded in nuclei [23-25]. The case is particularly relevant in nuclear physics since it is a necessary condition for the pseudospin symmetry in nuclei [26,27]. The bound state solution of the spin-1/2 particles in Dirac equation with HO potentials have been obtained by letting either or equal to zero [28]. The perturbative breaking of pseudospin symmetry induced by a tensor potential [29] has been studied despite the condition or can not be realized in nuclei [30]. The correlation between the pseudospin splitting and the shape of the HO potential, namely the HO frequency and the distance of well-bottom deviation from the center studied in [31]. The relativistic HO in 1 + 1 dimensions, i.e., including a linear potential and quadratic scalar and vector potentials with equal or opposite signs has been solved [32]. The solutions found for zero pseudoscalar potential are related to the spin and pseudospin symmetry of the Dirac equation in 3 + 1 dimensions. The Dirac equation with scalar and vector HO potentials along with the tensor potential as a sum of linear and Coulomb-like potentials has been studied [33]. It was found that the tensor potential preserves the form of the HO potential and generates spin-orbit terms. The bound states of a new ring-shaped equal mixture of vector and scalar HO for spin-1/2 Dirac particles were studied [34]. The bound state solutions of the relativistic pseudoharmonic potential have been studied using the Nikiforov-Uvarov method [35].

Our aim is to obtain the exact s-wave Dirac bound state energies and the upperand lower-spinor wave functions in HO potential influenced by a uniform electric field. Further, we investigate the modification on the spectrum energy of a quantum particle influenced by a uniform electric field in the radial direction in the presence of the spin symmetry and pseudospin symmetry cases in the framework of the NU method [5,14-16,36-39]. These solutions are reduced to the spinless KG and Schrödinger limits when and corresponding to exact spin and pseudospin symmetry limitations [23-25,40-47].

The performance of any method applied to the Dirac equation depends on the selected representation of this equation and the mathematical structure of the resulting equation, in which there are conditions under which it may be reduced to a Schrödinger equation [48-50].

In this paper, Section 2 briefly introduces Dirac formalisms. The Dirac bound state energies of a particle confined by an ESPs consisting of combined harmonic oscillator-plus-linear (HpL) potential model in the presence of spin and pseudospin symmetry using the NU method. In Section 3, we give our conclusions.

2. Bound State Solutions of the Combined Potential Model

The two radial coupled Dirac equations for the upper and lower spinor components can be expressed in the form [41]

(1a)

(1b)

with

(2a)

(2b)

and

(3a)

(3b)

where andare the difference and sum radial potentials, respectively. Also is the velocity of light [35]. In the presence of the spin symmetry (i.e., constant), one can eliminate in (1a), with the aid of (1b), to obtain a secondorder differential equation for the upper-spinor component as follows (for details see [41-47]):

(4)

and the lower-spinor component can be obtained fd rom (1a) as

(5)

where (only real positive energy states exist) when (the exact spin symmetry case). On the other hand, under the pseudospin symmetry (i.e.),where a constant, one can eliminatein (1b), with the aid of (1a), to obtain a secondorder differential equation for the lower-spinor component as follows:

(6)

and the upper-spinor component can be obtained from (1b) as

(7)

where (only real negative energy states exist) when (for exact pseudospin symmetry). Thus, from the above equations, the energy eigenvalues depend on the quantum numbers and and also the pseudoorbital angular quantum number according to which implies that are degenerate for It is worthy to note that the reality and finiteness of our solutions demand that the upper and lower radial components are to satisfy the essential boundary conditions: and

We shall study the spin and pseudospin symmetric Dirac equation for the charged HO in a uniform electric field of specific strength or the HO in an external dipole field. The corresponding scalar and vector components are taken to be the combined potential:

(8)

where

(9)

is the h.o. potential with the associated force given by

(10)

and

(11)

is the classical potential energy of a charged particle in a uniform external electric field of specific value in the radial direction with being the charge of the particle. The combined potential (8) becomes, whereIn Figure 1, we plot the ESP versus distance with the choices of parameters (a) and (b) and (c) and and (d) and for several values of electric field strength: and.

(a)(b)(c)(d)

Figure 1. Variation of the V(r) with distance in the presence and absence of electric field for the cases. (a) M = 1.0 MeV and = 1/2.4 fm–1; (b) M = 1.5 MeV and = 1/2.4 fm–1; (c) M = 1.0 MeV and = 1.0 fm–1; and (d) M = 1.5 MeV and = 1.0 fm–1.

It is clearly seen that the potential has the harmonic-like behavior with frequency at least in the inner of nuclei, and at a radius describing the distance of well-bottom deviation from the center. Therefore, the study of spin and pseudospin partners splitting as a function of these parameters is meaningful and realistic enough to be applied to most nuclei at least qualitatively. It is known that, in certain isotope chains, as the mass number increases, the nuclear harmonic oscillator frequency decreases according to the law (), which means that it is important to study the role of the parameter in spin and pseudospin symmetry [31]. In particular, the HO potential can provide fully bound states which are helpful to discuss the symmetry systematically.

2.1. The Spin-Symmetry Solutions

Let us now study the potential model (8) in the context of spin symmetric Dirac Equation (4). Therefore, it can be solved exactly for because of the presence of spin-orbit centrifugal term. Under this symmetry, we take the sum potential in (4) as the combined potential, i.e.,

(12)

We choose as stated in [41-47]*. The s-wave () case allows to rewrite (4) for the combined potential (12) as

(13)

where the constants are written as

(14)

To apply the NU method [5,39], we need to compare (13) with (2) of [39] to obtain values for the parameters:

(15)

Inserting these values into (11) of [39], the selected forms of and take the following particular values

(16)

and

(17)

for discrete bound state solutions. According to the method, the following polynomial of degree one can be obtained from (6) of [39]:

(18)

with prime denotes the derivative with respect to The parameters and in (7) and (10) of [39] take the simple forms as

(19)

Using the condition we obtain the transcendental energy equation for the charged particle confined by HO in an electric field of specific strength as

(20)

where at we have defined andWe can compute the energy spectrum by choosing suitable parameters in the symmetric potential. Equation (20) shows the energy spectrum dependence on and as well as on the parameters and If we choose (20) reduces to the one-dimensional energy spectrum of the relativistic HO:

     

where is the well-known Schrö- dinger energy spectrum for the HO. The above result resembles the ones given in [22,33]. Hence, Dirac spectrum is composed of two sequences of discrete energy levels separated by the gap. This is Dirac oscillator [22,51-53] based on a construction of the Dirac equation which is ESP and in the NR limit gives the Schrö- dinger HO equation.

We use the parameter values of the HO potential and when [54]. Hence, the numerical result for the s-wave energy spectrum of the bound state with relativistic corrections for the HO potential is: and for states respectively.

We use (20) to compute some energy spectrum with relativistic corrections for several values of The computed exact spin symmetric () energy spectrum is displayed in Table 1.

Also, for the combined potential we use the values and The strength of the electric field is set up at some arbitrary values of Obviously, the energy levels are only positive under the spin symmetry limit when However, as the field strength increases, i.e., the results are noticed to become negative. The number of states in spec-

Table 1. Energy levels (in relativistic units) for different quantum numbers.

trum with negative values is finite (as n increases, and then energy eigenvalues flip their signs to positive values). In addition, the increase in the field strength, , leads to no bound states. We conclude that the strength has a maximum limit to provide real spectrum and hence must be adjusted carefully to produce real positive or negative values for the bound states.

The NR limit as a special case obtained when (exact spin symmetry) and employing appropriate parametric transformations: and [28,42-47,55]. Therefore, the NR energy solution can be established for an electron confined in HO potential combined with an external electric field [see (8)] is

(21)

leading to the ground-state energy spectrum formula:

Obviously, we see from (21) that the entire spectrum of the harmonic oscillator (9) is shifted by the quantitythis translation comes from the wellknown fact that the electric field exerts a force on a charged particle. The modification is due only to the electric field. In the NR limit, the above result can be obtained directly from the well-known solution of the shifted HO in the absence of an electric field with change of variableand energy where the shifting energy The above results are identical to the ones given in [11,18,19]. Taking (21) is simply the NR HO solution (cf. e.g., [56]).

In Figure 2, (in units), we plot the energy spectrum in (21) versus the quantum number n for specific values of with the following choices: (a) and and (b), and for several values of electrical field strength,. As seen in Figure 2(a) when the frequency is small and in the presence of stronger electrical field, energy states are shifted toward the negative energy part, i.e., for n < 6 are strongly bound, however, when all states become strongly bound by the combined potential.

On the other hand, in Figure 2(b), as frequency increases, the electrical field has no much effect in shifting energy levels; all states are in the positive energy part.

Next, we start the calculations of the corresponding wave functions. Consequently, both (4) and (9) of [39] give

(a)(b)

Figure 2. Energy spectrum En versus n in the presence and absence of uniform electric field for (a) M = 1.5 MeV and = 1/2.4 fm–1 and (b) M = 1.5 MeV and = 1.0 fm–1.

(22)

(23)

where

(24)

Hence, the first part of the wave function is

(25)

where is a nth degree Hermite polynomial, and is the associated Laguerre polynomial defined for the argument The solution of (2) can be obtained by using (3) of [39] as

(26)

In the NR limit, Equation (26) becomes

(27)

where for all eigenstates and for the ground state it is given by

where

As seen, the modification in (26) is essentially produced from the external electric field. Furthermore, the associated lower-spinor component satisfying Equation (5) is taking the form

(28)

where with is counted as a new normalization constant. It is worth to mention that under the exact spin symmetry

2.2. The Pseudospin Symmetric Solutions

The exact pseudospin symmetry occurs when [16,23-25,40] and the quality of the pseudospin approximation in real nuclei is connected with the competition between the pseudo-centrifugal barrier and the pseudospin-orbital potential [31]. Here in Equation (6) is taken to be the same as the combined potential (8), that is,

(29)

Thus, for the s-wave Equation (6) can be rewritten as

(30)

where

(31)

To avoid repetition in the solution of Equation (30), a first inspection for the relationship between the present set of parameters and the previous set tells us that the energy solution for pseudospin symmetry can be easily obtained directly from the spin symmetry energy solutions by performing the transformation changes [42-47,55,57]:

(32)

or alternatively, the essential parameters given by

,

are used to obtain the following transcendental energy equation:

(33)

with

(34)

where is the restriction condition for the discrete bound states. Hence, Equation (33) is identical to Equation (62) of [23] obtained for the HO potential if the electric field strength is set to zero.

The NR limit of Equation (33), when becomes

(35)

where is the classical frequency for small harmonic vibrations [58]. The right hand side of (34) is always positive. Therefore, there are only positive energies in the NR limit for the HO potential [28,35]. Hence, using (33), we can compute the energies by choosing suitable parameters in the pseudo symmetric limit. The energies are dependent on n and as well as on the parameters and We also compute the energy spectrum of the bound state system with relativistic corrections for several values of n with parameter values of the potential and (for two constantsand as represented in Table 2. The external electrical field is set up at some values

We see that there are only negative energy bound state solutions in the pseudospin symmetry limit when the strength of external electric fields are. Nevertheless, as the field strength increases, i.e., the energies are noticed to become complex for all states. We conclude that when the external

Table 2. Energy levels (in relativistic units) for different quantum numbers.

electric field strength exceeds the ionization limit then it provides imaginary spectrum (no bound states). Hence the strength of the electric field must be adjusted carefully to generate real positive/negative bound states. Also, the parameters M and must be adjusted properly for real solutions of the transcendental energy Equation (33).

Finally, we calculate the lower-spinor wave function which is the solution of (6) as

(35)

where and

3. Conclusion

The exact s-wave Dirac bound states (energy spectra and wave functions) of the potential (8) in the presence of the spin symmetry and pseudospin symmetry are obtained in closed form using the NU method. The wave functions are expressed in terms of the orthogonal Laguerre polynomials. For the exact spin symmetry (i.e.,), the relativistic solution can be readily reduced to the NR one by an appropriate mapping transformations. The presence of an external uniform electric field creates a shift at the energy spectrum and a translation on the wave functions for the HO. In case if the description of diatomic vibration motion is NR, the relativistic model used seems quite justified since it can be easily reduced to the NR limits [18,19]. As numerical example, we take a set of physical parameter values to determine the bound state energy eigenvalues as shown in Tables 1 and 2 for the spin and pseudospin symmetry cases, respectively. It is worth to mention that the strength of the applied electric field needs to be adjusted properly to provide us bound state energy spectrum for certain values of parameters and

4. Acknowledgements

The author thanks the two kind referees for their enlightening suggestions. This work is dedicated to the memory of my father “Musbah” who passed away in Nablus, Palestine on January, 26, 2012. He taught me a lot to become a Professor. I am really indebted to him. God blesses his soul and may he rests in peace.

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Appendix: The Solution of Cubic Energy Equation

Let us solve the general cubic energy equation:

(A1)

where

(A2)

are real or complex numbers. We want to reduce the cubic equation (A1) to a “depressed” cubic (i.e., the quadratic term disappears) via to obtain

(A3)

where

(A4)

Further, the substitution in (A3), we get

(A5)

and multiplying throughout the above equation by we obtain the quadratic form

(A6)

This equation can be easily solved for real bound states:

(A7)

Thus, the energy in the presence of electric field reads

(A8)

and also in the absence of electric field,

(A9)

where

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