Journal of Applied Mathematics and Physics
Vol.07 No.09(2019), Article ID:94929,11 pages
10.4236/jamp.2019.79138
Quenching Phenomena Due to a Concentrated Nonlinear Source in an Infinitely Long Cylinder
Patcharin Tragoonsirisak Marion
Department of Mathematics and Computer Science, Fort Valley State University, Fort Valley, GA, USA
Copyright © 2019 by author(s) and Scientific Research Publishing Inc.
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution International License (CC BY 4.0).
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
Received: July 24, 2019; Accepted: September 7, 2019; Published: September 10, 2019
ABSTRACT
This article studies a semilinear parabolic first initial-boundary value problem with a concentrated nonlinear source in an infinitely long cylinder. We study the effects of the strength of the source on quenching. Criteria for global existence of the solution and for quenching are investigated.
Keywords:
Quenching, Concentrated Nonlinear Source, Infinitely Long Cylinder
1. Introduction
The quenching phenomena have been studied since 1975 [1]. The quenching models have many applications in science and engineering. For example, the models may include combustion, ignition, thermal explosion and damage of material. In some situation, the model involves a concentrated source, such as in a chemical reaction process due to the effect of a catalyst, or in the ignition of a combustible medium through the use of either a heated wire or a pair of small electrodes to supply a large amount of energy to a very confined area [2]. In 2006, the quenching problem with a concentrated source has been posted correctly in a multi-dimensional bounded domain by Chan [3]. In this paper, we study the quenching problem with a concentrated nonlinear source in the unbounded domain, the infinitely long cylinder.
Let R and b be positive real numbers such that b < R, D be a two-dimensional ball centered at the origin with a radius R or ,, B be a two-dimensional ball centered at the origin with a radius b or , and . We also let and ω be the infinitely long cylinders centered at the origin with the radii R and b respectively. Namely, ,,, and . For , let υ(x) denote the unit outward normal at , and be the characteristic function which is 1 for and 0 for . We study the following problem in the infinitely long cylinder with a concentrated nonlinear source on ∂ω:
(1.1)
where α and T are positive real numbers, is the closure of , f is a given function such that for some positive constant c, and f(u) and its derivatives and are positive for . The problems with a concentrated source on the surface of a ball in have been studied by Chan and Tragoonsirisak ( [4] [5] [6] ).
A solution u of (1.1) is said to quench in a finite time if there exists a number such that
For convenience, let be a point in the two-dimensional Euclidean space . Due to the symmetry, the three-dimensional problem (1.1) is equivalent to the following two-dimensional problem:
(1.2)
where ν(x) denote the unit outward normal at , and denote the function which is 1 for and 0 for . For ease of reference, since D is bounded, let us state the results by Chan [3] in the following theorem.
Theorem 1.1. There exists some such that for , the integral equation has a unique continuous nonnegative solution u. Furthermore, u is a nondecreasing function of t. If is finite, then at , u quenches everywhere on ∂B only.
Note that D and B are both the balls centered at the origin. By radial symmetry, the problem (1.2) can be written in the polar form:
(1.3)
where , and is the Dirac delta function. Clearly, every solution u(r) of (1.3) is a radially symmetric solution of (1.2).
Green’s function corresponding to the problem (1.3) is given by
(1.4)
where J₀ and J₁ are the Bessel functions of the first kind of order 0 and 1 respectively, and xn is the nth root of the Bessel function J₀(x). The integral equation corresponding to the problem (1.3) is given by
(1.5)
A solution u of (1.5) is said to quench in a finite time if there exists a number such that
We note from Theorem 1.1 that attains its maximum at . If tq is finite, then at tq, u quenches only at .
In Section 2, we show that there exists a unique positive number such that u exists globally for and quenches in a finite time for . We also derive a formula for computing . In Section 3, we study the effects of b and R on quenching.
2. The Critical Value α*
In this section, we study the effect of α on quenching. We modify the techniques used in proving Lemma 1 of Chan and Wong [7] for a singular parabolic problem to establish the following lemma.
Lemma 2.1. is bounded.
Proof. The Green function from (1.4) can be written as
(2.1)
Since each term under the summation is positive and R is positive, is also positive. Next, we will prove that the Green’s function (2.1) is bounded.
By using the asymptotic formula of (cf. Zwillinger ( [8] , p. 562)),
(2.2)
for large positive value z. Since and as , there exists a positive constant k₁ and z₀ such that for ,
(2.3)
Since is continuous on , it follows from (2.3) that for , there exists a positive constant k₂ such that
Let and . We have
(2.4)
For large n, it follows from (2.2) that
(2.5)
Since ,
or
Therefore,
Hence, there exists an integer N such that for ,
(2.6)
From (2.5) and (2.6), we have
By letting , we have
(2.7)
It follows from (2.1), (2.4) and (2.7) that
which converges uniformly for t in any compact subset of .
Then, there exists a constant k₃ such that
and
For large n, since (cf. Watson ( [9] , p. 506)), converges and bounded. Therefore, there exists a constant k₄ such that
(2.8)
Thus, the lemma is proved. +
Theorem 2.2. The solution u of (1.3) exists globally for α sufficiently small.
Proof. For any , it follows from Theorem 1.1 that u attains its absolute maximum at . For , since , we have . It follows from (1.5) and (2.8) that
for some constant k₄. By choosing α sufficiently small, namely,
we have for . Thus, the Theorem is proved. +
Theorem 2.3. The solution u of (1.3) quenches in a finite time for α sufficiently large.
Proof. From (1.4) and (1.5), we have
At the maximum value , since , we have
Since each term of the series is positive, we have
As ,
Thus, there exists some such that for ,
Then, for ,
By choosing α sufficiently large, say
we have which implies that u quenches in a finite time. This proves the theorem. +
We state without proof of the following result since its proof is similar to that of Theorem 2.4 of Chan and Tragoonsirisak [10] for a quenching problem in an infinite strip.
Theorem 2.4. If for some constant , then converges from below to a solution of the nonlinear two-point boundary value problem:
(2.9)
Moreover,
(2.10)
where
(2.11)
is Green’s function corresponding to problem (2.9).
The next result shows that there exists a critical value for . The proof of the following theorem is similar to that for Theorem 2.5 of Chan and Tragoonsirisak [10].
Theorem 2.5. There exists a unique ,
(2.12)
such that u exists globally for , and u quenches in a finite time for .
Proof. Let us construct a sequence in by , and for ...,
where . From (1.5),
(2.13)
Since , and , it follows from (2.13) that in . Using the principle of mathematical induction, we have in for any positive integer n. Since is an increasing sequence as n increases, it follows from the Monotone Convergence Theorem (cf. Stromberg ( [11] , pp. 266-268)) that
where . To show that the larger the α, the larger the solution, let β be a positive number such that . We construct the sequence by , and for ...,
Similarly, we have in , and
Because for any positive integer n, we have . Hence, the solution u is a nondecreasing function of α. Since the solution u of the problem is unique, it follows from Theorems 2.2 and 2.3 that there exists a unique such that u exists globally for and quenches in a finite time for .
The critical value is determined as the supremum of all positive values α for which a solution U of (2.9) exists. Since U(r) attains its maximum at , it follows from (2.10) and (2.11) that
Hence, we have (2.12).
To show that u exists globally when, we consider the function. Since for, and, a direct computation shows that attains its maximum when, where by the Rolle Theorem. Thus, occurs with. This implies that when, exists and is bounded away from c. Therefore, u exists globally when. +
For illustration, let. By a direct computation, attains its supremum at. Hence, for given R and b, we have
3. Critical Location of the Source b* and Radius R*
In this section, we fix α, and study the effect of the location of the source b and the effect of the radius R on quenching.
Lemma 3.1.
1) If
(3.1)
then u exists globally.
2) If
(3.2)
then u quenches in a finite time.
Proof. 1) (3.1) is equivalent to. By Theorem 2.5, u exists globally.
2) Since (3.2) is equivalent to, it follows from Theorem 2.5 that u quenches in a finite time. +
Let ϕ be a function given by.
Lemma 3.2. ϕ(b) attains its maximum at. Note that.
Proof. We have
which is equal to 0 when. Since
by the second derivative test, ϕ(b) attains its maximum at. +
Theorem 3.3. For given α and R,
1) if
then u exists globally for any b.
2) if
there exist and such that u exists globally for or, and quenches in a finite time for.
Proof. 1) Using Lemmas 3.1 and 3.2, the theorem can be proved.
2) We have
(3.3)
We note from the assumption that
To solve
(3.4)
for b, since the constant on the right-hand side is smaller than the maximum of the function on the left-hand side, it follows from (3.3) that (3.4) have two solutions. Let us denote the solution less than R/e by, and the one larger than R/e by. From Lemmas 3.1 and 3.2, we have proved the theorem. +
We note from Theorem 3.3 (1) that when R is sufficiently small, u exists globally for any location of the source b.
Corollary 3.4. For given α, there exists a unique
such that u exists globally for. For, the solution may or may not quench (depending on the location of the source b).
For illustration, let, and. A direct computation gives. From Corollary 3.4,
If R is smaller than or equal to e/4, then u exists globally (for any location of the source b). If R is larger than e/4, then the quenching may occur (depend on the location of the source b). Let. By using a graphing calculator to solve (3.4), namely,
it follows from Theorem 3.3 (2) that we have and (round to four decimal places).
4. Conclusions
Our analysis of the nonlinear parabolic problem (1.1) shows that the strength of the source, the size of the domain and the location of the concentrated source inside the domain have impacts on the occurrence of quenching. When the strength of the source and the size of the domain are large enough, it was found that the quenching can be prevented by locating the concentrated source sufficiently close to the boundary of the cylinder.
The fractional diffusion problem with a concentrated source in one-dimensional domain was recently studied ( [12] [13] ). Many problems in the real world involve more than one dimension. Based on the current study here, the fractional diffusion problem with a concentrated source in multi-dimensional domain would be the future work.
Acknowledgements
The author thanks the referees for their suggestions.
Conflicts of Interest
The author declares no conflicts of interest regarding the publication of this paper.
Cite this paper
Marion, P.T. (2019) Quenching Phenomena Due to a Concentrated Nonlinear Source in an Infinitely Long Cylinder. Journal of Applied Mathematics and Physics, 7, 2015-2025. https://doi.org/10.4236/jamp.2019.79138
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