Journal of Applied Mathematics and Physics
Vol.2 No.4(2014), Article ID:43724,6 pages DOI:10.4236/jamp.2014.24005

An Iteration Method to Solve the Boundary Layer Flow past a Flat Plate

Ken-ichi Kusukawa1, Shigeaki Suwa2, Takeo R. M. Nakagawa3*

1Tokyo Metropolitan University, Hachiohji, Japan

2National Defense Academy, Yokosuka, Japan

3Jusup Balasagyn Kyrgyz National University, Frunze Str. Bishkek, Kyrgyz Republic

Email: *npo.hakusan@kjc.biglobe.ne.jp

Copyright © 2014 by authors and Scientific Research Publishing Inc.

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution International License (CC BY).

http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

Received 7 January 2014; revised 7 February 2014; accepted 16 February 2014

ABSTRACT

An iteration method similar to the thin-wing-expansion method for the compressible flow has been proposed to solve the boundary layer flow past a flat plate. Using such an iteration, the first step of which is Oseen’s approximation, the boundary layer past a flat plate is studied. As proceeding from the first approximation to the second and third approximations, it is realized that our solution approaches to a well known Howarth’s bench mark one gradually. Hence, it is concluded that the usefulness of the present method has been confirmed.

Keywords:Boundary Layer Flow; Mathematical Analysis; Iteration Method; Approximate Solution; Navier-Stokes Equation

1. Introduction

For an analytical treatment of the boundary layer flow past a flat plate, one must solve the Navier-Stokes equation under suitable boundary conditions. But unfortunately, it accompanies a great difficulty to obtain such an analytical solution. Thus, as it is well known, one has proceeded to classify the flow according to whether the Reynolds number is small or large: if the Reynolds number is small, the linearization of Oseen or Stokes type is often employed. Whereas if the Reynolds number is large, the inertia force dominates and so the viscosity is neglected except in the boundary layer [1] -[8] . At high Reynolds number, however, the usefulness of the proposed iteration method [9] is not obvious.

The main purpose of the present paper is to apply the iteration method to the flow past a flat plate at high Reynolds number. Even though no exact solution of Navier-Stokes equation for a flat plate at high Reynolds number has been known, boundary layer solution for the flow past a semi-infinite flat plate by Howarth [4] must be a very good approximation to the exact solution. We, therefore, have solved the boundary layer equation, by using the present proposed iteration method.

2. Formulation of Problem

Consider the steady viscous flow past a semi-infinite flat plate at zero incidence placed in the uniform flow velocity, U. As is shown in Figure 1, we shall take the Cartesian coordinates, x and y, where x-axis is parallel to the flat plate, and the leading edge of the plate is origin of the co-ordinate. The velocity at the potential flow region is assumed to be constant, and thus, , where p is the pressure. It is well known that the boundary layer equations [10] are expressed by

, (2.1)

, (2.2)

, (2.3)

, (2.4)

where u and denote the xand y-components of the velocity, respectively, and ν the kinematic viscosity of fluid.

We shall assume that the velocity components may be expanded into the ε-power series such that

, (2.5)

, (2.6)

where ε is a small parameter that may be considered as the ratio of the boundary layer thickness to the flat plate length. Substituting (2.5) and (2.6) into (2.1)-(2.4), and rearranging the terms of the same order in ε, we have

, (2.7)

, (2.8)

, (2.9)

, (2.10)

, (2.11)

. (2.12)

Equation (2.7) is a modified Oseen’s equation, which is regarded as the first approximation of the boundary layer equation, being obtained by simplifying the Navier-Stokes equation at high Reynolds number.

Figure 1. The boundary layer along a flat plate.                                 

3. The First Approximation

Let’s proceed to the first approximation. Introducing the Laplace transform, ū1, of u1 with respect to x, which is defined by

, (3.1)

together with (2.7), we can obtain the equation governing in the following form

, (3.2)

where λ is the parameter of the Laplace transformation. The general solution of (3.2) satisfying (2.10) and (2.12), can be easily be expressed such as

. (3.3)

By performing the inverse Laplace transformation of, we get

, (3.4)

where is the Error function, which is defined as follows,

, (3.5)

with. Using (3.4) together with (2.9) and (2.10), we have

. (3.6)

These results of (3.4) and (3.6) may be obtainable by the same technique, to be used in the second and the third approximations in Sections 4 and 5.

4. The Second Approximation

The equation of continuity (2.9) for n = 2 can be automatically satisfied by introducing the following stream function,

, (4.1)

where depends on η only. The relevant velocity components are then given, respectively, by

,

, (4.2)

where means the differentiation of with respect to η.

,

,

. (4.3)

Substituting (4.2) and (4.3) into (2.8) for n = 2, and using (3.4) and (3.6), we get

, (4.4)

where

. (4.5)

Referring (4.2), the boundary conditions (2.11) and (2.12) for n = 2 can be expressed as follows,

, (4.6)

(4.7)

The solution of (4.4) satisfying the conditions (4.6) and (4.7) is obtainable as

(4.8)

and

(4.9)

It may be worth noting here that in the approximation of each order we can introduce the reduced stream function in such a way,

(4.10)

On the other hand, the original Equations (2.1) and (2.2) suggest that the velocity component u can be expressed by

, (4.11)

where is no more than the Blasius’s reduced stream function. Recalling (2.5), we have

. (4.12)

5. The Third Approximation

Adopting the similar procedure to Section 4, the equation for and the relevant boundary conditions have been reduced to

, (5.1)

, (5.2)

, (5.3)

where

(5.4)

and

,

. (5.5)

The solution of (5.1) under the boundary conditions (5.2) and (5.3) is expressed by

(5.6)

with

, (5.7)

, (5.8)

and

(5.9)

6. Conclusions

Substituting (3.4), (4.9), (5.9) into (2.5), we obtain the x-component of the velocity. The second and the third approximations for the velocity component have been plotted concurrently in Figure 2. With increasing the degree of the approximation, the solution gradually approach to Howarth’s bench mark result. This clearly confirms the usefulness of the present proposed iteration method to solve the flow past the flat plate.

Introducing dimensionless drag coefficient for the plate wetted on both sides, by the definition [10] ,

, (6.1)

where Rx denotes, we obtain a formula with (3.4), (4.9), (4.12), and (5.9) as follows,

. (6.2)

It is found that the Formula (6.2) provides the greater value than that obtained by Blasius’ one [2] slightly, but it is certain that this difference diminishes if we adopt the more higher order approximation.

Application of the present iteration method to the flow past a plate having flat, but finite thickness at moderate Reynolds number is left behind for the future study, for no analytical solution of Navier-Stokes equation on this problem exists. In such a case, the parameter ε, the ratio of the boundary layer thickness to the plate length, is

Figure 2. Velocity distribution in the boundary layer along a flat plate.                                            

not always considered to be infinitesimally small, so that much more vigorous mathematical treatment is required to get the solution.

References

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NOTES

*Corresponding person.