Advances in Bioscience and Biotechnology, 2013, 4, 55-62 ABB
http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/abb.2013.410A3007 Published Online October 2013 (http://www.scirp.org/journal/abb/)
Galectin-3 expression favors metastasis in murine
melanoma
Andréia Neves Comodo1, Andre Luis Lacerda Bachi2, Maria Fernanda Soares1, Marcello Franco1,
Vicente de Paulo Castro Teixeira1
1Departamento de Patologia, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brasil
2Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brasil
Received 23 July 2013; revised 24 August 2013; accepted 16 September 2013
Copyright © 2013 Andréia Neves Comodo et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution
License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
ABSTRACT
Galectin-3 is a member of the lectin family that binds
β-galactosides and plays an important role in several
types of tumors. Melanoma is an invasive cancer re-
sponsible for 80% of deaths associated to skin cancers.
There are some evidences that galectin-3 interacts
with β-catenin, a molecule involved with Wnt signal-
ing pathway. Here, we evaluate the role of galectin-3
in tumor growth and metastasis, as well as its interac-
tion with β-catenin. Murine melanoma cells (B16F10)
were injected subcutaneously and intravenously in
male C57BL/6 wild-type (WT) and galectin-3 knock-
out (KO) mice. Tumor growth and lung melanoma
colonies were assessed. The expression of galectin-3
and β-catenin was evaluated by immuno-histochem-
istry. We observed that tumor growth did not differ
between the groups. However, to metastasis, the num-
ber of lung colonies in WT mice was significantly in-
creased in comparison to that observed in KO mice.
The cytoplasm expression of galectin-3 was observed
in subcutaneous and metastatic tumors, in both groups.
We observed its nuclear expression in some of subcu-
taneous tumors of KO mice. The expression of β-cate-
nin was detected in cell membrane of all subcutane-
ous tumors analyzed, whereas in the metastatic tu-
mors we observed both cytoplasm and cell membrane
staining. Altogether, our data suggest that galectin-3
favors the metastasis of melanoma cells and this pro-
cess is not associated with β-catenin.
Keywords: Melanoma; Galectin-3; Wnt Signaling;
β-Catenin; Metastasis
1. INTRODUCTION
Cutaneous melanoma accounts for 4 percent of all skin
cancer. However, it is responsible for 80 percent of
deaths associated to skin malignancies [1]. Melanocytes
are localized to the dermal-epidermal junction and have
the capacity to proliferate and form epidermal and der-
mal aggregates, known as nevi. The malignant transfor-
mation of melanocytes consists of multiple, complex
processes characterized by changes in the expression of
molecules involved in the control of cell growth, prolif-
eration, adhesion and death [2,3]. Several lines of evi-
dence suggest that pathogenesis of melanoma is a mul-
tistep process that may include the phases of benign nevi,
dysplastic nevi, radial and vertical growth-phase mela-
noma and metastatic melanoma [4]. In vivo, tumor inva-
sion and the metastatic potential of various human can-
cers, including melanoma, were associated with the ex-
pression of galectin-3 [5-8].
Galectin-3 is a member of the group of lectins that
bind β-galactosides and recognize the N-acetyllactosa-
mine structure of several glycoconjugates [9]. Isolated as
a monomer, it has a molecular weight that varies from 29
to 35 kDa, depending on the species [10,11]. Galectin-3
belongs to the chimera lectin group characterized by one
carbohydrate recognition domain (CRD) located at the
C-terminal, which consists of 110 - 130 amino acids and
contains multiple long, homologous repeats rich in pro-
line and glycine. Galectin-3 expression has been reported
in monocytes, macrophages, endothelial cells and several
epithelial tissues including mammary, colonic and kidney.
It plays an important role in tumor cell adhesion, prolif-
eration, differentiation, angiogenesis, and metastasis in
several types of tumors [12].
Another interesting protein, β-catenin, seems to be as-
sociated with galectin-3 because of their similar molecu-
lar structural and some studies have suggested the possi-
bility of their direct association in cancer progression
[13-15]. β-catenin is a crucial downstream effector com-

A. N. Comodo et al. / Advances in Bioscience and Biotechnology 4 (2013) 55-62 56
ponent of the Wnt signaling pathway. The Wnt proteins
constitute a large family of molecules that control em-
bryogenesis and adult tissue homeostasis [16]. This path-
way is evolutionarily conserved and regulates cellular
proliferation, morphology, motility, axis formation, and
organ development, and it is associated with many hu-
man diseases, including cancer [17,18]. In the absence of
Wnt signaling, GSK3-β phosphorylates β-catenin, target-
ing it for ubiquitination and degradation. When Wnt sig-
naling is activated, GSK3-β is inactivated; the dephos-
phorylation of β-catenin leads to its accumulation and
translocation into the nucleus, where it binds to the tran-
scriptional factor Tcf/Lef and serves as a co-activator of
Tcf/Lef to stimulate the transcription of Wnt target genes
involved in cell proliferation [19,20]. Like β-catenin, en-
dogenous galectin-3 is found in the cytoplasm, on the
cell surface, and in the nucleus. In the nucleus, it under-
goes phosphorylation catalyzed by CK1, which serves as
a signaling switch for nuclear export [21].
The aim of this study was to evaluate the role of ga-
lectin-3 expression in murine melanoma and its interac-
tion with β-catenin expression.
2. MATERIALS AND METHODS
2.1. Cell Culture
The metastatic murine melanoma cell line B16F10 was
used for both in vitro and in vivo assays. Cells were rou-
tinely cultured in RPMI1640 medium containing 10%
FCS, penicillin and streptomycin (complete medium) and
harvested upon 90% confluence using 0.25% trypsin and
0.02% EDTA in PBS.
2.2. Western Blotting
B16F10 cells were washed twice in PBS, harvested by
cell scraping and lysed with RIPA buffer (10 mM Tris-
chloride, 150 mM NaCl, 1% NP40, 0.5% deoxycholate,
1 mM MgCl2 and 1 mM CaCl2) containing protease in-
hibitors (1 g/ml each of leupeptin, pepstatin and apro-
tinin). After centrifugation for 30 minutes at 4˚C, the su-
pernatant was used as the total cell lysate. Lysate from
the Tm1 cell line was used as a negative control for ga-
lectin-3 expression in western blots [22]. Protein concen-
tration was estimated using the BCA protein assay kit
(BioAgency). Extracts containing 30 µg of protein were
loaded into each lane of a sodium dodecyl sulfate poly-
acrylamide gel (12% v/v) under denaturing and reducing
conditions. After electrophoresis, proteins were transferr-
ed onto a PVDF (polyvinylidene fluoride) membrane
(BioRad) by semi-dry blotting. Galectin-3 was immuno-
detected using a primary rabbit polyclonal antibody
(1:1000, Santa Cruz Biotechnology) and a secondary an-
tibody conjugated with AP-alkaline phosphatase, goat
anti-rabbit immunoglobulin G (1:1000, Santa Cruz Bio-
technology). The bands were visualized by colorimetric
methods using NBT (nitroblue tetrazolium chlorideBio-
Rad) and BCIP (5-bromo-4-chloro-3-indolyl-fosfatoBio-
Rad).
2.3. Indirect Immunofluorescence
For the immunofluorescence assay, B16F10 cells were
seeded onto coverslips and serum-starved overnight.
Cells were stimulated with 10% fetal bovine serum for
60 min and then fixed and permeabilized with 2% para-
formaldehyde and 0.5% Triton X-100 in PBS for 10 min.
Next, they were incubated with 1:50 galectin-3 polyclo-
nal rabbit antibody (Santa Cruz Biotechnology) for 30
min at room temperature. The secondary antibody conju-
gated with fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC) (Jackson
Immuno Research) was incubated with the samples for
30 min at room temperature. Fluorescence staining was
visualized with Zeiss confocal fluorescent microscope
(Axiovert 100 M), and photos were taken with a camera
using LSM510 Meta imaging software.
2.4. In Vivo Assay
Galectin-3-deficient animals, generated from C57BL/6
mice by producing a targeted disruption of the galectin-3
gene in mouse embryonic stem cells, as previously re-
ported. Homozygous mice were viable and fertile; when
compared with galectin-3 expressing mice. Exhibited
comparable reproductive capacities and exhibited similar
characteristics in terms of blood chemistries, peripheral
blood leukocyte and erythrocyte counts, lymphocyte sub-
populations, and histological analyses of organs and tis-
sues [23].
Tumors were induced by inoculating melanoma cells
subcutaneously (s.c) (1 × 106 cells/ animal) in groin re-
gion of five male C57/BL6 and five galectin-3 knock-out
mice, both at approximately 7 weeks of age. Tumor
growth was measured three times per week after the tu-
mors were detected by palpation. Tumor volume was
calculated according to the formula: V = L × W2 × π/6,
where L is the length and W is width of the tumor mass
[24]. Mice were sacrificed 21 days after injection; frag-
ments of tumor were collected and fixed in 10% phos-
phate-buffered formalin.
For the experimental metastasis assay, 1 × 106 mela-
noma cells were injected intravenously (i.v.) in lateral tail
vein of five male C57/BL6 and five galectin-3 knockout
mice with approximately 7 weeks of age. After 21 days,
the lungs were excised, and melanoma colonies present
on their surface were counted. The lungs were then fixed
in 10% phosphate-buffered formalin and embedded in
paraffin.
Research Ethics Committee/ Hospital São Paulo: CEP
1521/06.

A. N. Comodo et al. / Advances in Bioscience and Biotechnology 4 (2013) 55-62 57
2.5. Immunohistochemistry
Slides of 5-µm sections were obtained from tumor blocks
containing local and metastatic animal tumors. Tissue
sections were deparaffinized, rehydrated, and placed in a
pressure cooker with citrate buffer, pH 6.0, for 5 min
after reaching boiling temperature to retrieve antigenic
sites masked by formalin fixation. The tissue sections
were then placed in 3% hydrogen peroxide for 5 min to
inactivate endogenous peroxidases, blocked for 20 min
with normal horse serum (Vectastain Elite ABC Kit; Vec-
tor Laboratories, Burlingame, CA), and subsequently in-
cubated overnight at 4˚C with 1:100 galectin-3 polyclo-
nal rabbit antibody (Santa Cruz Biotechnology) or 1:100
β-catenin monoclonal mouse antibody (Santa Cruz Bio-
technology). The sections were then treated with bioti-
nylated secondary antibody (Universal LSAB2 Kit; Da-
koCytomation) for 10 min, followed by a 10 min incu-
bation with streptavidin-horseradish peroxidase and 3,3-
diaminobenzidine solution for another 5 min at room
temperature. Counterstaining was performed with 10%
hematoxylin. Staining was scored according to staining
intensity, as described previously [25,26]. The intensity
scoring system was as follows: 0, no immunoreactivity; 1,
weak staining; 2, intermediate staining; and 3, strong
staining.
2.6. Statistical Analysis
T All values are expressed as mean plus/minus standard
deviation (SD). Data were analyzed by the Mann-Whit-
ney test, and p values < 0.05 were considered statistically
significant.
3. RESULTS
3.1. Galectin-3 Detection in B16F10
First of all, by western blotting test we analyzed the ex-
pression of galectin-3 in total protein extract obtained
from lysates of B16F10 cells and Tm1 cells (negative
control). We verified that galectin-3 was highly ex-
pressed in murine melanoma line (B16F10 cells, Figure
1(a)) and this expression was observed in the cytoplasm
of melanoma cells, by immunofluorescence (Figure
1(b)).
3.2. Tu mor Gro wth Pattern
Melanoma cells were injected into the subcutaneous tis-
sue of galectin-3 knock-out and wild-type mice. Tumor
growth was monitored for 21 days. Palpable tumors be-
came detectable on the 8th day after cell injection in 40%
of the wild-type mice. On the 18th day, all animals in
this group presented tumors. In the knock-out animals, a
palpable tumor was identified in one mouse 11 days after
inoculation. On the 13th day, all animals in this group
(a)
(b)
Figure 1. Melanoma cell line B16F10 expresses
galectin-3. Total protein extract of B16F10 and
Tm1 cells were used by western blotting (a) to con-
firm the expression of galetin-3 in B16F10 cells; (b)
Photomicrograph of indirect immuno-fluorescence
showed that the expression of galectin-3 in B16F10
cells was cytoplasmatic.
presented tumors (Figure 2(a)). However, there was not
a statistical difference in tumor growth between the
groups (p = 0.2282) (Figure 2(b)).
We analyzed the expression of galectin-3 and β-cat-
enin by immunohistochemistry. In relation to galectin-3,
the results showed cytoplasmic expression in all subcuta-
neous tumors. The intensity of the stain was predomi-
nantly weak in tumors obtained from wild-type group
and was intermediate in knock-out group. Furthermore,
50% of the knock-out animals also expressed galectin-3
in cell nuclei (Table 1 and Figure 3). To β-catenin, we
verified strong expression in membrane cell of subcuta-
neous tumor in both groups analyzed (Table 1 and Fig-
ure 3).
3.3. Metastasis Assay
For the metastasis assay, melanoma cells were injected
intravenously (i.v.) into groups of galectin-3 knock-out
and wild-type mice and the number of lung colonies
were counted after 21 days. The lungs of the wild-type
animals presented a large number of metastatic colonies
when compared to the knock-out animals. We observed
27.3 ± 5.4 and 4.0 ± 3.9 colonies in the wild-type and
knock-out groups, respectively (Figure 4) and this dif-

A. N. Comodo et al. / Advances in Bioscience and Biotechnology 4 (2013) 55-62 58
ble 2 and Figure 3). However, the expression of β-cat-
enin was weak in the cytoplasm and membrane cell in all
animals from both groups (Table 2 and Figure 3).
ference was statistically significant (p < 0.014).
As in the subcutaneous tumors, we evaluated the ex-
pression of proteins galectin-3 and β-catenin by immu-
nohistochemistry in metastatic tumors. To galectin-3, we
detected cytoplasmatic expression in tumor cells from
both groups, and the intensity of staining varied between
intermediate and strong. Only one animal from the
wild-type group also presented nuclear expression (Ta-
4. DISCUSSION
In recent years, studies have attempted to elucidate the
epidemiological, clinical and molecular aspects of tu-
mors [3,6]. Many proteins seem to be involved in neo-
plastic mechanisms. One such protein is galectin-3, a
lectin protein that is characterized by the presence of car-
bohydrate recognition domains (CRD) that permit inter-
action with sugar molecules and play an important role in
cellular growth, proliferation, adhesion and death. In me-
lanomas, galectin-3 has been identified as an important
molecule in tumor growth and metastasis. Moreover, this
protein has been linked to Wnt signaling pathway as a β-
catenin binding partner [27,28]. Here, we have demon-
strated the involvement of galectin-3 in murine melano-
ma growth and metastases.
(a) We observed prominent expression of galectin-3 in
B16F10 cells, a finding that has also been described in
other studies dealing with human and murine melanoma
cell lines [29,30]. A similar result has previously indi-
cated that the overexpression of galectin-3 may confer a
selective survival advantage and a resistance to apoptosis
in human breast carcinoma cell lines by specifically in-
Table 1. Subcutaneous tumor expression of galectin-3 and β-
catenin in WT and KO mice by immunohistochemistry.
GALECTIN-3 (n = 5) B-CATENIN (n = 4)*
Cytoplasm Nucleus Membrane
Groups
Weak IntermediateWeak IntermediateStrong
WT80% 20% 0% 0% 100%
KO0% 100% 50% 25% 75%
(b)
Figure 2. Tumor growth did not differ in subcutaneous tissue.
C57Bl/6 wild-type and galectin-3 knock-out mice were subcu-
taneously injected with 106 B16F10 viable melanoma cells. No
statistical significance was observed (p > 0.05) to tumor detec-
tion analysis (a) or to tumor growth analysis (b). *death of an animal at 21 days after inoculation.
Figure 3. Photomicrographs of galectin-3 and β-catenin expression in situ. Subcutaneous (sc) and metastatic lung tissues from
C57Bl/6 wild-type and galectin-3 knock-out mice injected with B16F10 viable melanoma cells were used to analysis of galectin-3
and β-catenin expression by histological (H&E staining) and immunohistochemistry analysis. In subcutaneous tumors or lung me-
tastasis colonies the expression of galectin-3 expression was cytoplasmic in all animals of both groups. To β-catenin, membrane cell
and cytoplasmatic expression was observed in subcutaneous and lung tumors in all animals of both groups.

A. N. Comodo et al. / Advances in Bioscience and Biotechnology 4 (2013) 55-62 59
Table 2. Metastatic lung tumor expression of galectin-3 and β-catenin in WT and KO mice by immunohistochemistry.
GALECTIN-3 (n = 4)* B-CATENIN (n = 5)
Cytoplasm Nucleus Cytoplasm Membrane
Groups
Intermediate Strong Weak Weak Weak IntermediateWeak Weak Intermediate
WT 25% 75% 25% 50% 50% 50% 50%
KO 75% 25% 0% 100% 0% 100% 0%
*death of an animal at second day after inoculation.
(a) (b)
Figure 4. Galectin-3 knock-out mice show reduced lung metastasis process. C57Bl/6 wild-type (WT) and galectin-3 knock-out (KO)
mice were intravenously injected with B16F10 viable melanoma cells and 21 days after the injection the lung were excised and ana-
lyzed to metastasis process. The number of metastasis colonies in galectin-3 knock-out mice showed statistical significant reduction
in comparison to observed in wild-type mice (a); Representative image of lung metastasis colonies in animals of both groups (b).
fluencing cell adhesion to the extracellular matrix during
invasion and metastasis [8].
The induction of murine subcutaneous melanoma had
been extensively documented as an important experi-
mental model for the investigation of tumor progression
[31,32]. Our study demonstrated that in wild-type mice
that express galectin-3, the tumor mass appeared eight
days after cell injection, as previously described [33,34].
However, galectin-3 knock-out animals presented a
three-day delay before the detection of palpable subcu-
taneous tumors. In fact, we know that tumor cell inocula-
tion generates an inflammatory response and this inflam-
matory microenvironment seems to be essential for tu-
mor implantation, because inflammation leads to high le-
vels of several distinct cytokines, chemokines and growth
factors produced by inflammatory cells [35]. Further-
more, several studies describe an important function to
galectin-3 in inflammatory cell resistance to apoptosis.
Hsu et al. (2000) found that peritoneal macrophages from
galectin-3 knock-out mice were more prone to undergo-
ing apoptosis than those from wild-type mice when treat-
ed with apoptotic stimuli, suggesting that expression of
galectin-3 in peritoneal cavity inflammatory cells may
lead to longer cell survival, thus prolonging inflamma-
tion [23]. These results strongly support the concept that
galectin-3 is a positive regulator of inflammatory re-
sponses.
Interestingly, on the 18th day of tumor development,
the subcutaneous tumors from galectin-3 knock-out mice
reached a larger size than those from wild-type mice. Ne-
vertheless, until that time, tumor growth had been similar
in both groups of animals analyzed. Taken together, our
results indicate biphasic melanoma behavior: first, there
is a period characterized by independence of the pres-
ence of galectin-3 in the tumor microenvironment, fol-
lowed by a second phase in which the absence of galec-
tin-3 enhanced tumor growth.
Conflicting results have been reported regarding ga-
lectin-3 in tumor pathophysiology. Its expression may
vary from one tissue or tumor to another and the difference
in the pattern of expression seems to determine tumor
evolution. In our study, galectin-3 exhibited cytoplasmic
expression in all wild-type subcutaneous melanomas.
Thick tumors exhibited weak intensity, whereas thin tu-
mors manifested intermediate staining intensity. The same
finding was observed in a study using a melanoma cell
line in a mouse experimental model [30]. However, in
half of the knock-out animals, galectin-3 expression was
observed in both cytoplasm and nucleus. In addition,
these animals presented smaller tumors. Pietro et al.
2006 have shown that melanocytes accumulate galectin-
3 during tumor progression, particularly in the nucleus
[6]. The same event has been reported in the literature,

A. N. Comodo et al. / Advances in Bioscience and Biotechnology 4 (2013) 55-62 60
where nuclear galectin-3 expression is related to apop-
totic sensitivity as compared to cells in which the protein
expression is exclusively cytoplasmic. At this point, it is
relevant to emphasize that many studies have associated
other tumors with this galectin-3 expression pattern [36,
37]. Therefore, we postulate that nuclear galectin-3 might
act as an inhibitory factor for tumor growth in knock-out
mice.
Although there is evidence of a possible interaction
between galectin-3 and β-catenin in some tumors, we did
not observe a correlation between the expression patterns
of these proteins in subcutaneous melanoma in the pre-
sent study.
In terms of metastasis, the wild-type animals presented
significantly more pulmonary colonies than the knock-
out animals. These results suggest that this protein may
contribute to melanoma cell implantation in the lung,
considering its presence in the normal pulmonary epithe-
lium, as recently reported by Kim et al. [28]. Therefore,
galectin-3 at the organ endothelium seems to serve as the
first anchor for circulating cancer cells and can facilitate
organ-specific metastasis during this complex biological
process [29]. We observed cytoplasmic expression of ga-
lectin-3 in melanoma metastases in all animals, and the
staining was more intense than that observed in subcuta-
neous tumors. These findings are supported by a study
that compared melanoma primary tumors and metastasis
[6]. β-catenin expression was present in the cytoplasm
and membrane cell in both animal groups, confirming its
important role in melanoma cell adhesion [27]. The cy-
toplasmic presence of β-catenin has been attributed with
a protective role in the early stages of melanoma devel-
opment [38,39]. In metastatic melanoma, the presence of
this protein in the cytoplasm suggests the possible acti-
vation of the Wnt signaling pathway in this model. Al-
though, we did not find β-catenin in cell nucleus, its
translocation to this compartment is known to be pre-
ceded by the accumulation of its hypophosphorylated
form in the cytoplasm. Therefore, our results seem to re-
flect this crucial phase that prepares the cell to initiate
Wnt signaling upon melanoma progression. Some studies
have indicated a relationship between galectin-3 and Wnt/
catenin, such as a recent report demonstrating that ga-
lectin-3 expression in the cytoplasm and nucleus of well-
differentiated thyroid neoplasms seems to be associated
with the activation of the Wnt signaling pathway, sug-
gesting a role for galectin-3 in thyroid carcinogenesis
[30].
In conclusion, our data suggest that galectin-3 favors
the melanoma metastasis process and this effect is not as-
sociated to its interaction with β-catenin.
5. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Our thanks go to Professor Célia Regina Whitaker Carneiro from De-
partment of Micro and Immunology of Federal Universidade de São
Paulo, Brazil for kindly provided the B16F10 cells and Professor Mi-
riam Galvonas Jasiuliuonis from Department of Pharmacology of Fed-
eral Universidade of São Paulo, Brazil for kindly provided the Tm1
cells and Professor FU-Tong Liu for kindly provided the galectin-3
knock-out mice.
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