Journal of Minerals and Materials Characterization and Engineering, 2013, 1, 1-7
http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/jmmce.2013.11001 Published Online January 2013 (http://www.scirp.org/journal/jmmce)
Corrosion Resistance of Heat-Treated NST 37-2 Steel in
Hydrochloric Acid Solution
David Abimbola Fadare*, Taiwo Gbolarumi Fadara
Mechanical Engineering Department, University of Ibadan, P.M.B 1, Ibadan, Nigeria
Received July 20, 2012; revised August 27, 2012; accepted September 10, 2012
ABSTRACT
Corrosion of metal components constitutes a major challenge in many engineering systems, with appropriate design,
proper material selection, and heat treatment as commonly used control strategies. In this study, the corrosion behaviour
of heat-treated (annealed, normalised, hardened, and tempered) NST 37-2 steel in three concentrations (1.0, 1.5 and 2.0
M) of hydrochloric acid solution was investigated using weight loss and electrode-potential methods. Results showed
that corrosion rate increased with increase in acid concentration. The decreasing order of corrosion resistance was
Tempered > Annealed > Normalised > Hardened > Untreated. The surface pictures of the heat-treated and untreated
samples showed uniform and pitting corrosion with the latter becoming more pronounced as concentration increased.
Keywords: Heat Treatment; Corrosion Resistance; Hydrochloric Acid; NST 37-2 Steel
1. Introduction
Corrosion of metal components has been recognized as a
major problem in many engineering applications. Failure
of engineering systems due to corrosion is as common as
failure due to mechanical causes such as brittle fracture
and fatigue. The annual cost of corrosion for the US and
UK has been estimated at about $70 billion accounting
for about 4% of the national Gross Domestic Product
(GDP) [1]. This estimate may well be higher in some less
developed countries, although it is probably less in the
least developed countries [2]. About 15% - 25% of the
annual global steel production is estimated to be used for
repair or replacement of damages due to corrosion [3].
Corrosion failures are minimized by appropriate design,
proper material selection, control of metallurgical struc-
ture through heat treatment and use of inhibitors. Of all
these control strategies, heat treatment is most commonly
used due to its cost effectiveness.
Annealing, normalising, hardening and tempering are
the most commonly used heat treatment of carbon steels.
Annealing is most frequently applied in order to soften
carbon steel materials and refines its grains due to ferrite-
pearlite microstructure [4,5]. In normalising, the material
is heated to the austenitic temperature range and this is
followed by air cooling to obtain a mainly pearlite matrix,
which results into increase in strength and hardness [6].
In hardening, the material is heated to a temperature high
enough to promote the formation of austenite, held at that
temperature until the desired amount of carbon has been
dissolved and then quench in oil or water at a suitable
rate to obtain 100% martensite with maximum yield
strength, but it is very brittle and thus quenched steels are
used for very few engineering applications. By tempering,
the properties of quenched steel are modified to decrease
hardness, increase ductility and impact strength mode-
rately, resulting microstructures are bainite or carbide
precipitate in a matrix of ferrite depending on the tem-
pering temperature.
Investigations on the effects of heat treatment on the
corrosion behavior of different carbon steel materials
have been reported by many researchers. In particular,
the effects of heat treatment on corrosion behaviour of
AISI 403 martensitic stainless steel [7], AISI 420 mar-
tensitic stainless steel [8], AISI 52100 steel [9], 304 L
stainless steel [10], 14Cr-3Mo martensitic stainless steel
[11] have been reported. Corrosion behavior of different
carbon steel materials in different media typical of the
in-service environments has also been investigated by
many researchers. Acidic environment are generally en-
countered in many industrial processes. Acid solutions
are used especially for the removal of undesirable scales
and rust from carbon steel materials. Particularly, hydro-
chloric acid are widely used for the picking processes of
metals [12]. Corrosion behavior of numerous grades of
carbon steels in hydrochloric acid solutions has been
widely studied by many researchers [13-18]. However,
there are numerous studies on the effect of heat treat-
ment of carbon steel grades on the corrosion behaviour in
*Corresponding author.
C
opyright © 2013 SciRes. JMMCE

D. A. FADARE, T. G. FADARA
2
hydrochloric acid solutions. Strobel et al. [3] reported the
effect of the heat treatment on the corrosion resistance of
a martinsitic stainless steel CA6NM in HCl solutions,
while Al-Quran and Al-Itawi [19] reported an increase in
the corrosion resistance of chromium-nickel alloy steel in
0.1 M HCl solution due to intermediate spheroidal an-
nealing.
NST 37-2 steel is a commercially available carbon
steel grade locally produced by the Delta Steel Company
(DSC) located at Ovwian-Aladja, Warri, Delta State,
Nigeria. DSC is the only operational integrated steel plant
producing steel from basic raw in the south of the Sahara
and West Africa [20]. Its steel production capacity is
expected to hit 2.4 Million Tonnes Per Annum (MTPA)
by 2015 from the current 1.0 MTPA [20]. About 320,000
tonnes per annum of the steel produced is rolled into
light sections such as: flats, channels, angles, I-Beams
and square bars, and also as plain and ribbed bars of
different dimensions [20]. NST 37-2 steel is widely used
as construction materials in building, road, and bridge
constructions, and as well as in fabrication of machinery
and manufacturing of machine components [21]. NST
37-2 steel constitutes one of the mostly used steel in the
Nigerian construction industry for reasons of its ver-
satility, strength, toughness, low cost and wide avail-
ability [22,23].
Although, investigations on the heat treat ability and
mechanical property enhancement of NST 37-2 steel are
few in literature. The effect of heat treatment on the mi-
crostructure and mechanical properties has been reported
by Fadare et al. [24], while the effect of heat treatment
on the fatigue behaviour has been reported by Malomo et
al. [25]. Studies on the machinability of NST 37-2 steel
have also been reported by Fadare and Ashafa [26,27].
Previous studies on NST 37-2 steel were focused
mainly on the microstructure and mechanical property
improvement. However, the effect of heat treatment on
the corrosion behavior has not been reported. Hence, the
objective of this study is to investigate the effect of heat
treatment (annealing, normalising, hardening, and temper-
ing) on the corrosion resistance of NST 37-2 steel in 1.0,
1.5 and 2.0 M HCl solutions.
2. Materials and Method
2.1. Sample Preparation
Samples of hot-rolled, 16 mm diameter, NST 37-2 steel
bars were purchased from a local market in Lagos, south-
western Nigeria. The chemical composition of the steel
sample as determined by optical emission spectropho-
tometer is given in Table 1, while the mechanical pro-
perties and microstructure of the as-received sample are
given in Table 2 and Figure 1, respectively. Cylindrical
coupons (Q16 × 25) mm dimensions were machined
from the sample and subjected to four commonly used
industrial heat treatment processes for carbon steels: an-
nealing, normalising, hardening, and tempering in ac-
cordance to American Society of Materials (ASM) In-
ternational Standards [28]. The heat treatment conditions
applied are listed in Table 3. The heat treated and the
as-received (untreated) samples were washed in HCl so-
lution and rinsed in distilled water to remove scale for-
mulation on the samples prior to the corrosion test.
Table 1. Chemical composition of the as-received NST 37-2
steel.
C (%)Si (%)S (%)P (%)Mn (%) Ni (%) Cr (%)Mo (%)
0.34220.20200.01080.00490.7374 0.0067 0.01040.0011
Zn (%)As (%)Sn (%)Al (%)Fe (%) Cu (%) V (%)
0.00130.00050.00220.001398.6824 0.0033 0.0006
Table 2. Mechanical properties of the as-received NST 37-2
steel.
Properties Average Value
Yield Strength (MN/m2) 245.41
Tensile Strength (MN/m2) 342.33
Elongation (%) 18.48
Reduction in Area (%) 15.05
Young Modulus (GPa) 198.50
Hardness (BHN) 48.50
Density (g/cm3) 8.15
Table 3. Heat treatment conditions.
Condition AnnealedNormalized HardenedTempered
Temperature (˚C)910 910 910 450
Holding Time (min)90 90 40 90
Cooling MediumFurnaceAir Water Air
Figure 1. Microstructure of the as-received NST 37-2 steel
(400×) (Source: Fadare et al. [24]).

D. A. FADARE, T. G. FADARA 3
2.2. Corrosion Test
Electrolyte solutions consisting of 1.0, 1.5, and 2.0 M
HCl were prepared with distilled water. The heat-treated
and untreated (control) coupons were weighed using a
digital balance with accuracy of ±0.0001 g. Copper wire
(electrical conductor) was brazed on the surface of each
coupon and used as working electrode, while Ag/AgCl(s)/
KCl saturated (aq) half-cell was used as the reference
electrode. Complete immersion test was carried out using
mass loss and electrode potential methods for 120 hours
(five days) duration on a corrosion rig consisting of nine
(9) corrosion cells. Each corrosion cell consisted of a
beaker containing 400 mL of the electrolyte solution, test
coupons with conducting wire, reference electrode, glass
tube for air bubbles circulation and a plastic lid (Figure
2). The test solution temperature was maintained at room
temperature (28˚C - 32˚C). The electrode potential of the
cell was taken at 6 hours interval using a digital multi-
meter at a sweep rate of 20 mV, while mass loss of the
coupon was measured daily. Compressed air was bubbled
through the electrolyte via glass tube suspended at the
centre of each cell for purposes of oxygen circulation and
agitation of the medium. The heat-treated and untreated
coupons were placed together in random order in each of
the three (3) cells containing difference concentrations
(1.0, 1.5 and 2.0 M) of the test solution.
The experiment was replicated in triplicate given rise
to nine (9) cells. After each exposure time the coupons
were removed from the cells, properly cleaned in dis-
tilled water, dried with cotton wool and then reweighed
to determine the mass loss. The average mass loss was
determined and the corrosion rate in millimetre penetra-
tion per year (mm/y) was calculated using the following
relationship [18]:
87.6 loss W mm
corrosionrate
y
at 
 

 

(1)
where Wloss = mass loss (mg), a = total exposed area of
coupon (cm2), t = duration of immersion (hours) and ρ =
material density (g/cm3). Density for NST 37-2 steel (ρ =
8.15 g/cm3) as given in Table 2 was used in the compu-
tation.
Figure 2. Experimental set-up.
3. Results and Discussion
The electrode potential (mV) and corrosion rate (mm/y)
of heat-treated and untreated NST 37-2 steel coupons
immersed in 1.0, 1.5 and 2.0 M HCl solutions are shown
in Figure 3 and Table 4, respectively. Generally, the
electrode potential of both heat-treated and untreated
samples increased linearly with increase in acid concen-
tration and time of immersion in test solution, while the
corrosion rate increased linearly with increase in concen-
tration but varied nonlinearly with time of immersion in
test solution. The observed linear increase in both elec-
trode potential and corrosion rate with increasing acid
concentration of the test solution can be attributed to in-
crease in ion exchange capacity of acid at high concen-
trations.
(a)
(b)
(c)
Figure 3. Variation of electrode potential (mV) of heat-
treated and untreated NST 37-2 steel in 1.0 M (a), 1.5 M (b)
and 2.0 M (c) HCl solutions with exposure time.

D. A. FADARE, T. G. FADARA
4
Table 4. Corrosion rate (mm/y) of untreated and heat-treated NST 37-2 steel immersed in different concentrations of HCl
solution.
Corrosion Rate (mm/y)
Concentration Time (Hours)
Untreated Hardened Normalized Annealed Tempered
0 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
24 27.90 25.20 20.70 19.80 17.10
1.0 48 22.05 18.45 15.30 13.95 11.70
72 20.40 18.00 15.30 10.50 9.90
96 18.22 16.65 14.62 10.57 7.65
120 16.92 14.22 12.96 10.26 6.66
0 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
24 49.49 39.59 33.29 30.60 27.90
1.5 48 31.05 26.10 23.85 20.25 17.55
72 24.90 21.60 19.80 17.70 14.40
96 21.82 18.67 16.42 14.85 12.15
120 20.16 18.54 16.38 14.04 12.78
0 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
24 68.39 61.19 48.59 43.19 39.59
2.0 48 44.99 37.34 31.94 25.65 22.95
72 35.99 28.50 26.40 21.30 18.90
96 31.94 25.42 22.72 19.57 17.77
120 29.34 27.00 25.20 19.08 17.64
The electrode potential tended to be more positive (an-
odic) with increase in concentration of test solution and
time of immersion. The increased positivity led to corre-
sponding increase in the electromotive force (corrosion
current) between the working (anode) and reference (ca-
thode) electrodes and hence accelerated corrosion of the
anode (test material). It can be observed that the elec-
trode potential of the untreated sample tended to be more
positive consistently in all the three acid concentrations
of the test solution followed by the heat-treated samples
in decreasing order: hardened, normalized, annealed and
tempered. On the other hand, the corrosion rate of the
heat-treated and untreated NST 37-2 steel coupons in dif-
ferent concentrations of HCl solution are shown in Ta-
ble 4.
Both heat-treated and untreated samples varied non-
linearly with time of immersion in the test solution. The
corrosion rates increased rapidly during the first 24 hours
(1 day) of immersion, after which it began to decline
progressively with time. This nonlinear trend in the cor-
rosion curve may be attributed to the surface passivation
of the carbon steel, in which the formation of rust on the
attacked region of the steel tends to form a protective
layer on the surface, thus protecting the parent material
from further attack. Since rust formation is known to be
water and oxygen permeable, the passivity of the surface
tends to breakdown progressively, hence resulting in re-
duction in corrosion rate of the material. Similarly, non-
linear trends in corrosion-time curves of 18/8 stainless
steel and nickel-plated low carbon steel in cassava fluid
[29], and mild steel and SS 304L in presence of dissolved
copper [30] have been reported by other researchers. In
contrast, linear relationship has been reported for chro-
mium-nickel alloy steel in 0.1 M HCl solution [19]. The
discrepancy in these observations may be attributed to
disparity in the elemental composition of the parent alloy
materials.
Similarly, in same order with the observed electrode
potential trends, the untreated sample showed the highest
corrosion rate in all the three acid concentrations of the
test solution, followed by the heat-treated samples in
decreasing order: hardened, normalized, annealed and
tempered, thus indicating that the heat treatment pro-
cesses tend to improve the corrosion resistance of NST
37-2 steel in HCl solutions. Hence, the microstructural
evolution of the material during the heat treatment pro-
cesses played a fundamental role on the corrosion be-
havour of the material. The effects of these heat treat-
ment processes (annealing, normalising, hardening, and
tempering) on the microstructural evolution and me-
chanical properties of the material have been reported
earlier [24]. The ferritic + pearlitic matrix microstructure
of the as-received (untreated) sample tends to increase
the dissimilar metal composition of the material, leading
to galvanic corrosion and hence, the accelerated corro-
sion rate observed in the untreated sample. The marten-
sitic matrix of the hardened sample tends to be more cor-
rosion resistant than the dual-phase matrix of the un-
treated sample. Similarly, Keleştemur and Yıldız [31] has
reported that intercritical annealing heat treatments of

D. A. FADARE, T. G. FADARA 5
dualphase steel embedded in concrete has a good corro-
sion resistance which increased with increase amount of
martensite microstructure in the steel. The single-phase
pearlitic and ferritic matrix of the normalised and an-
nealed samples respectively tend to be more corrosion
resistance compared to the dual-phase of the untreated
sample, while the dual-phase martensitic and ferritic ma-
trix of the tempered sample tends to be more corrosion
resistance than both the single-phase martensite and fer-
rite microstructure of the hardened and annealed samples
respectively. Lucio-Garcia et al. [32] has shown that the
steel with a martensitic microstructure had the highest
corrosion rate; up to one order of magnitude higher than
the corrosion rate for steels with a ferritic and bainitic
microstructure, whereas the steel with the ferritic micro-
structure showed the lowest corrosion rate.
The surface scan of the corroded surface (Figure 4)
revealed that both uniform and pitting corrosion occurred
Concentration of HCl
Heat Treatment 1.0 M 1.5 M 2.0 M
Untreated
Hardened
Normalised
Annealed
Tempered
Figure 4. Surface scan of the corroded heat-treated and untreated NST 37-2 steel coupons different concentrations of hydro-
chloric acid solution.

D. A. FADARE, T. G. FADARA
6
on the samples.
4. Conclusion
The effect of heat treatment on corrosion resistance of
NST 37-2 steel in HCl solutions has been investigated.
The analysis showed that both corrosion rates and elec-
trode potentials of the untreated sample had the highest
corrosion rate and shifted more to the positive values as
the concentration of acid was increased. For the heat
treated samples, the corrosion rate in the test solutions
ranked in decreasing order: hardened, normalized, an-
nealed and tempered.
5. Acknowledgements
We are grateful to an anonymous referee for helpful
comments. We also wish to thank Kim Humphreys for
English editing. All errors are ours.
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