Surgical Science
Vol.05 No.10(2014), Article ID:50388,20 pages
10.4236/ss.2014.510067

Membrane Proteins as Potential Colon Cancer Biomarkers: Verification of 4 Candidates from a Secretome Dataset

Sum-Fu Chiang1,2, Ming-Hung Tsai3, Reiping Tang1,4, Ling-Ling Hsieh5, Jy-Ming Chiang1, Chien-Yuh Yeh1, Pao-Shiu Hsieh1, Wen-Sy Tsai1, Ya-Ping Liu6, Ying Liang6, Jinn-Shiun Chen1*, Jau-Song Yu7*

1Division of Colon and Rectal Surgery, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou, Chinese Taipei

2Graduate Institute of Clinical Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Chinese Taipei

3Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Chinese Taipei

4College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Linkou, Chinese Taipei

5Department of Public Health, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Chinese Taipei

6Pathology Core of the Chang Gung Molecular Medicine Research Center, Taoyuan, Chinese Taipei

7Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Chinese Taipei

Email: *chenjs@cgmh.org.tw, *yusong@mail.cgu.edu.tw

Copyright © 2014 by authors and Scientific Research Publishing Inc.

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution International License (CC BY).

http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

Received 9 August 2014; revised 5 September 2014; accepted 1 October 2014

ABSTRACT

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is an important health issue in Taiwan. There were over ten thousand newly diagnosed CRC patients each year. The outcome of late stage CRC still remains to be improved, and tumor markers are expected to improve CRC detection and management. From a colorectal cancer cell secretome database, we chose four proteins as candidates for clinical verifi- cation, including tumor-associated calcium signal transducer 2 (TROP2, TACSTD2), transmem- brane 9 superfamily member 2 (TM9SF2), and tetraspanin-6 (TSPAN6), and tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 16 (NGFR). Different groups of 30 CRC patients’ tissue samples collected from Chang Gung Memorial Hospital were analyzed by immunohistochemistry (IHC) for the four proteins, and the results were scored by pathologist. For all the four candidate proteins, mark- ed differences of IHC score existed between tumor and adjacent non-tumor counterpart. However, there were only trends between higher protein expression levels and worse outcome. Three proteins (TROP2, TM9SF2 and NGFR) had trends between higher tissue expression and tumor stage or lymph node metastasis. Our study revealed that tissue expression of four proteins (TROP2, TM9- SF2, TSPAN6, and NGFR) was markedly different between tumor and adjacent non-tumor counterparts. Overexpression of all these four proteins showed some trends with poorer survival.

Keywords:

Biomarker, Colorectal Cancer, Immunohistochemistry, Membrane Protein, Secretome, Tetraspanin-6, Transmembrane 9 Superfamily Member 2, Tumor-Associated Calcium Signal Transducer 2, Tumor Necrosis Factor Receptor Superfamily Member 16, Verification

1. Introduction

In Taiwan, colorectal cancer (CRC) has become an important health issue in recent years. There were more and more newly diagnosed CRC every year. In 2011, there were 14,087 CRC patients diagnosed in Taiwan [1] . Among them, 49.5% were diagnosed as late stage (stage III, 26.6%; stage IV, 22.8%). The five-year survival rate for late staged CRC was still relatively low (for colon cancer, stage III, 47.8%; stage IV, 10.3%) [2] . Tumor biomarkers were expected to integrate into CRC management to improve earlier diagnosis rate, to improve risk stratification, and to predict treatment response [3] -[7] . However, carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), the most common serum biomarker currently used in clinic for CRC, doesn’t meet all these clinical needs [8] -[12] .

Although serum biomarkers play important role in cancer management, histology-based approaches are still the gold standard for tumor staging at present. Molecular staging provides an opportunity to personalized medicine and to maximize cost-effective management [13] -[16] . More and more analyses suggest that molecular approaches offer an advantage for stratifying patients further. Recently, some prospective studies have begun to predict risk of disease recurrence by molecular markers [17] [18] . For example, epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), which participates in signaling pathways that are deregulated in cancer cells and up-regulated in 50% - 80% CRC cases [19] -[24] , has shown to be related to prognosis and therapeutic response of CRC patients [25] [26] . Many studies reported that Cetuximab, an antibody against EGFR, has additional benefit on CRC patients receiving chemotherapy [27] [28] .

In recent years, the secretome-based approach has been proven to be a promising strategy for discovery of CRC biomarkers [29] -[31] . Using this approach, we have previously established a secretome dataset from 23 cancer cell lines, from which over one hundred proteins were selected identified from two CRC cell lines [29] . Among them, we had selected four protein candidates for verification, including tumor-associated calcium signal transducer 2 (TROP2, TACSTD2), transmembrane 9 superfamily member 2 (TM9SF2), tetraspanin-6 (TSP- AN6), and tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 16 (NGFR). These four proteins have been preliminarily examined in some CRC tissues in the Human Protein Atlas (HPA). Furthermore, there have been some reports about expression levels of TROP 2 in different cancers including pancreatic cancer, CRC and ovarian carcinoma [32] -[35] . Tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 16 (NGFR) has been studied in neurologic malignancy, which is also involved in cell growth control [36] -[39] . In functional aspect, TSPAN6 was found to be involved in cell motility [40] [41] . which may be related to tumor cell migration. We verified these four proteins in CRC tissues and their adjacent non-tumor counterparts by immunohistochemistry. We also analyzed the relationships between protein expression levels and clinicopathological factors of CRC patients.

2. Material & Methods

2.1. Patient Population and Clinical Specimen

All clinical samples were collected at Chang Gung Memorial Hospital (Taoyuan, Taiwan). Tissue samples were collected in 1995. Different groups of 30 CRC patients’ tissue samples were used for our candidates. All CRC patients had histologically verified adenocarcinoma. All were subjected to a follow-up strategy that included regular outpatient visits, CEA test, and image studies. Patients characteristics, including gender, age, tumor location, histological grade, tumor stage, CEA level, operation date, tumor recurrence, follow up date, and follow up status, were obtained from clinical and pathology records. The study was approved by the Institutional Review Board at Chang Gung Memorial Hospital (IRB No. 99-0515B, 101-0712B and 102 -1446C ).

2.2. Immunohistochemistry

The tumor tissue blocks used for IHC were first fixed in 4% paraformaldehyde and then embedded in paraffin. Sections (5 μm thick) were cut from tissue blocks, mounted on silanized slides (Superfrost, Menzel, Brauns- chweig, Germany), subsequently deparaffinized with xylene (twice for 10 min each), and rehydrated through ethanol gradient washes. Endogenous peroxidase activities are inactivated in 3% H2O2 before heating in a microwave oven for antigen retrieval ( 10 mm citrate buffer, pH 6.0; 20 min, 700 W). To block nonspecific binding, slides were preincubated with 10% nonimmune goat serum at 37˚C for 30 min. Slides were then incubated with anti-human primary antibody for 30 min at room temperature. Following washing with PBS (pH 7.4), slides were incubated with HRP-conjugated IgG secondary antibody for 30 min at room temperature and then deve- loped using 3,3’-diaminobenzidine (Sigma, St Louis, MO). All procedure followed the standard pro-tocol. Expression of these protein was categorized as positive or negative and was evaluated according to the percentage of cells stained (0% - 100%) and the intensity of cell staining (3, strong; 2, moderate; 1, weak; or 0, no cell staining).

2.3. Statistical Analysis

For the analysis of IHC results, independent t test was used. The associations between protein expression and clinicopathological characteristics were analyzed using chi-square method and ANOVA. To determine factors related to overall survival, the probability was calculated using the Log-rank test by the Kaplan-Meier method. Cox proportional hazard models were used for maltivariate analysis. Comparative analysis of IHC scoring and CEA in paired CRC patients were undertaken. Statistical significance was set at p < 0.05. All analyses were performed using the statistical software, Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (Version 17.0, SPSS Inc., Chicago , IL ).

3. Results

3.1. Clinicopathological Analysis between High and Low Protein Expression Groups

All patients of each studied group for four candidate were divided into high expression group and low expres- sion group. We used medium IHC scoring as cut-off value of high and low expression. It were 100 for TROP2, 110 for TM9SF2, 150 for TSPAN6, 110 for NGFR. We analyzed most clinicopathologic factors, including ages, gender, tumor location, histological grade, tumor stage, T stage, N stage, CEA level, and survival. It seems no differences between high and low expression groups for each protein (Table 1).

3.2. IHC Stain Scoring of Candidate Proteins between Tumor Tissues and Their Adjacent Non-Tumor Counterparts

For all four candidate proteins, IHC scoring between adjacent non-tumor area (AN) and tumor area (T) was much different. For TROP2, it was 3.33 ± 6.53 vs. 92.67 ± 22.06 (AN vs. T, p < 0.01). For TM9SF2, it was 7.66 ± 7.90 vs. 123.70 ± 22.05 (AN vs. T, p < 0.01). For TSPAN6, it was 3.33 ± 6.53 vs. 145.30 ± 17.97 (AN vs. T, p < 0.01). For NGFR, it was 6.00 ± 5.44 vs. 100.70 ± 12.60 (AN vs. T, p < 0.01) (Figure 1).

3.3. Comparison of IHC Stained Area and Staining Scoring According to Different Clinicopathological Factors

Furthermore, we compared mean proteins expression area and IHC scoring between different clinicopathologic factors. Although most factors had no statistical differences, patients with worse 5-year survival had trends of higher proteins expression area and IHC scoring. Patients with late tumor stage or positive lymph node metastasis had trends of higher protein expression (for TROP2, TM9SF2, NGFR). The trends also existed in histolog- ical grade (for TROP2 and NGFR) (Table 2).

3.4. Kaplan-Meier Survival Analysis According to High and Low Protein Expression

For all four proteins, high expression groups has the trend of worse survival, especial at 10-year. For TROP2, the 10-year survival rate of high expression and low expression groups were 28.5% vs. 50.0% (p = 0.43). For TM9SF2, the 10-year survival rate of high expression and low expression groups were18.0% vs. 42.0% (p = 0.14). For TSPAN6, the 10-year survival rate of high expression and low expression groups were 22.0% vs. 33.0% (p = 0.60). For NGFR, the 10-year survival rate of high expression and low expression groups were 52.9% vs.

Table 1. Analysis of clinicopathologic factors of different proteins expression groups.

61.5% (p = 0.62) (Figure 2).

3.5. Multivariate Analysis

Using 5-year survival as end point, we further did multivariate analysis for all four proteins (Table 3). However, TROP2 and NGFR didn’t show any differences. High TM9SF2 expression group had HR 1.22 (p = 0.72). High TSPAN6 expression group had HR 3.75 (p = 0.02).

3.6. Comparison Analysis with CEA

All four proteins tissue expression seemed not to be related to CEA level. However, all candidates increased

Table 2. Comparison of protein IHC scaring according to different clinicopathologic factors.

detection of normal CEA cases. We used medium IHC scoring as cut off for each protein. They were 100 for TROP2, 110 for TM9SF2, 150 for TSPAN6, and 110 for NGFR, respectively. For TROP2, 6 among 16 normal CEA cases had higher TROP2 tissue expression. For TM9SF2, 6 among 15 normal CEA cases had higher tissue expression. For TSPAN6, 11 among 17 normal CEA cases had higher tissue expression. For NGFR, 7 among 14 normal CEA cases had higher tissue expression (Figure 3). All four proteins had the potential to improve false negative rate of CEA.

3.7. Expression Analysis among Stages with Normal and Abnormal CEA Levels

We further analyzed the percentage of high and low expression among early stage and late stage cases. We found that, for TROP2 and TM9SF2, late stage with abnormal CEA had high tissue protein expression, compared to early stage with normal. But it seemed not to be different for NGFR, and even to have reverse association

Figure 1. Immunohistochemical staining of TROP2 (A), TM9SF2 (B), TSPAN6 (C), and NGFR (D) in paired tumor (T) and adjuvant non-tumor (AN) tissues from different groups of 30 paired CRC patients (scale bar =200 μm). All these four proteins were expressed mainly in cytosol of tumor cells (A)-(D). The IHC scores were markedly different between tumor and adjuvant non-tumor tissues. For TROP2, it was 3.33 ± 6.53 vs. 92.67 ± 22.06 (AN vs. T, p < 0.01) (E). For TM9SF2, it was 7.66 ± 7.90 vs. 123.70 ± 22.05 (AN vs. T, p < 0.01) (F). For TSPAN6, it was 3.33 ± 6.53 vs. 145.30 ± 17.97 (AN vs. T, p < 0.01) (G). For NGFR, it was 6.00 ± 5.44 vs. 100.70 ± 12.60 (AN vs. T, p < 0.01) (H).

for TSPAN6 (Figure 4).

4. Discussion

At present, more and more biomarkers were analyzed in clinical setting. EGFR, which participates in signaling pathways, has shown to be associated with treatment response [19] [20] . These tumor biomarkers, especially on

Table 3. Multivariate analysis.

NS: not significant. NA: not available.

tissue level, were expected to improve earlier diagnosis rate and to make management more individualized [5] [7] [15] .

Our study verified four membrane proteins from a secretome dataset in tissue level. The IHC scores of four candidate proteins were markedly different between tumor and adjuvant normal. Although further analysis did not show statistical difference, all of these proteins showed some trends with poorer survival. Except TSPAN6, other three proteins (TROP2, TM9SF2, NGFR) showed some trends with tumor aggressiveness (tumor stage, lymph node metastasis). Statistical insignificance might be due to small sample sizes.

In the literature, several tissue biomarkers had been verified in CRC (Supplement Table 1). Most of them are associated with survival or prognosis (Supplement Table 1). At present, tissue markers, not serum markers, can be used as a predictor of treatment response. For example, tissue expression of EGFR, which had been verified as biomarker of treatment response [27] , was also a biomarker of survival. Survivin, an inhibitor of apoptosis, is known to be expressed in most tumor cell types. Several studies had shown its potential as a target for cancer therapy [42] [43] . Tissue biomarkers, which were tested more widely, seem to have the potential to be integrated in CRC management. Unlike serum markers, tissue markers research is more likely to be a straightforward strategy for treatment markers discovery.

Our data didn’t usually show consistency between four candidates and different analyses. And p values were not significant because of small sample sizes. However, marked IHC scoring differences existed between tumor

(c) (d)

Figure 2. Kaplan-Meier survival analysis of different protein expression groups. The 10-year survival rate of high expression and low expression groups were 28.5% vs. 50.0% (p = 0.43) for TROP2 (a), 42.0 % vs. 18.0% (p = 0.14) for TM9SF2 (b), 33.0% vs. 22.0% (p = 0.60) for TSPAN6 (c), and 61.5% vs. 52.9% (p = 0.62) for NGFR (d).

and adjuvant normal, and most candidates showed some trends with tumor aggressiveness and survival. In comparison analysis with CEA, our candidate proteins also showed the potential of improving false negative

(a) (b)(c) (d)

Figure 3. Medium IHC scores were used as cut off values for each proteins. (a) For TROP2, 6 among 16 normal CEA cases had higher TROP2 tissue expression. (b) For TM9SF2, 6 among 15 normal CEA cases had higher tissue expression. (c) For TSPAN6, 11 among 17 normal CEA cases had higher tissue expression. (d) For NGFR, 7 among 14 normal CEA cases had higher tissue expression.

Figure 4. Comparison of the percentages of high and low protein expression. For TROP2 and TM9SF2, more percentages of high protein expression were found in late stage CRC patients with abnormal CEA. For TSPAN6 and NGFR, the associations were reverse.

rate of CEA. More cases to be tested are needful. These four membrane proteins still have the potential to be novel CRC biomarkers. More studies are needed to integrate these proteins in clinical usage. The association between serum and tissue expression is the next interesting issue.

Acknowledgements

This work was supported by grants from Chang Gung Memorial Hospital (CMRPG290211 and CMRPG3B0751) and by the grant (EMRPD 1C 0011) from Chang Gung University . We are extremely grateful to the staff in Division of Colon and Rectal Surgery, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital . We are also grateful to the effort of Proteomics Core Lab and Pathology Core Lab, Chang Gung University .

References

  1. Health Promotion Administration, Ministry of Health and Welfare, Taiwan, R.O.C. http://www.hpa.gov.tw/BHPNet/Web/Index/Index.aspx
  2. Hyodo, I., Suzuki, H., Takahashi, K., et al. (2010) Present Status and Perspectives of Colorectal Cancer in Asia: Colorectal Cancer Working Group Report in 30th Asia-Pacific Cancer Conference. Japanese Journal of Clinical Oncology, 40, i38-i43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jjco/hyq125
  3. Tänzer, M., Liebl, M. and Quante, M. (2013) Molecular Biomarkers in Esophageal, Gastric, and Colorectal Adenocarcinoma. Pharmacology & Therapeutics, 140, 133-147. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pharmthera.2013.06.005
  4. Luo, Y., Wang, L. and Wang, J. (2013) Developing Proteomics-Based Biomarkers for Colorectal Neoplasms for Clinical Practice: Opportunities and Challenges. PROTEOMICS—Clinical Applications, 7, 30-41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/prca.201200071
  5. de Wit, M., Fijneman, R.J., Verheul, H.M., Meijer, G.A. and Jimenez, C.R. (2013) Proteomics in Colorectal Cancer Translational Research: Biomarker Discovery for Clinical Applications. Clinical Biochemistry, 46, 466-479. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2012.10.039
  6. Manne, U., Shanmugam, C., Katkoori, V.R., Bumpers, H.L. and Grizzle, W.E. (2010) Development and Progression of Colorectal Neoplasia. Cancer Biomarks, 9, 235-265.
  7. Duffy, M.J., van Dalen, A., Haglund, C., et al. (2007) Tumour Markers in Colorectal Cancer: European Group on Tumour Markers (EGTM) Guidelines for Clinical Use. European Journal of Cancer, 43, 1348-1360. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ejca.2007.03.021
  8. Wang, J.Y., Tang, R. and Chiang, J.M. (1994) Value of Carcinoembryonic Antigen in the Management of Colorectal Cancer. Diseases of the Colon & Rectum, 37, 272-277. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02048166
  9. Ballesta, A.M., Molina, R., Filella, X., Jo, J. and Giménez, N. (1995) Carcinoembryonic Antigen in Staging and Follow- Up of Patients with Solid Tumors. Tumor Biology, 16, 32-41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000217926
  10. Woolfson, K. (1991) Tumor Markers in Cancer of the Colon and Rectum. Diseases of the Colon & Rectum, 34, 506- 511. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02049939
  11. Fletcher, R.H. (1986) Carcinoembryonic Antigen. Annals of Internal Medicine, 104, 66-73. http://dx.doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-104-1-66
  12. Macdonald, J.S. (1999) Carcinoembryonic Antigen Screening: Pros and Cons. Seminars in Oncology, 26, 556-560.
  13. Iddings, D. and Bilchik, A. (2007) The Biologic Significance of Micrometastatic Disease and Sentinel Lymph Node Technology on Colorectal Cancer. Journal of Surgical Oncology, 96, 671-677. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jso.20918
  14. Hyslop, T. and Waldman, S.A. (2013) Molecular Staging of Node Negative Patients with Colorectal Cancer. Journal of Cancer, 4, 193-199. http://dx.doi.org/10.7150/jca.5830
  15. Akiyoshi, T., Kobunai, T. and Watanabe, T. (2012) Recent Approaches to Identifying Biomarkers for High-Risk Stage II Colon Cancer. Surgery Today, 42, 1037-1045. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00595-012-0324-4
  16. Ahmed, F.E. (2005) Molecular Markers That Predict Response to Colon Cancer Therapy. Expert Review of Molecular Diagnostics, 5, 353-375. http://dx.doi.org/10.1586/14737159.5.3.353
  17. Waldman, S.A., Hyslop, T., Schulz, S., Barkun, A., Nielsen, K., Haaf, J., et al. (2009) Association of GUCY 2C Expression in Lymph Nodes with Time to Recurrence and Disease-Free Survival in pN0 Colorectal Cancer. JAMA, 301, 745-752. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.2009.141
  18. Mejia, A., Schulz, S., Hyslop, T., Weinberg, D.S. and Waldman, S.A. (2012) Molecular Staging Individualizing Cancer Management. Journal of Surgical Oncology, 105, 468-474. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jso.21858
  19. Yarom, N. and Jonker, D.J. (2011) The Role of the Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor in the Mechanism and Treatment of Colorectal Cancer. Discovery Medicine, 11, 95-105.
  20. Vincenzi, B., Santini, D., Rabitti, C., Coppola, R., Beomonte Zobel, B., Trodella, L. and Tonini, G. (2006) Cetuximab and Irinotecan as Third-Line Therapy in Advanced Colorectal Cancer Patients: A Single Centre Phase II Trial. British Journal of Cancer, 94, 792-797. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/sj.bjc.6603018
  21. Spano, J.P., Lagorce, C., Atlan, D., Milano, G., Domont, J., Benamouzig, R., et al. (2005) Impact of EGFR Expression on Colorectal Cancer Patient Prognosis and Survival. Annals of Oncology, 16, 102-108. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/annonc/mdi006
  22. Scartozzi, M., Bearzi, I., Berardi, R., Mandolesi, A., Fabris, G. and Cascinu, S. (2004) Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor (EGFR) Status in Primary Colorectal Tumors Does Not Correlate with EGFR Expression in Related Metastatic Sites: Implications for Treatment with EGFR-Targeted Monoclonal Antibodies. Journal of Clinical Oncology, 22, 4772-4778. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/JCO.2004.00.117
  23. McKay, J.A., Murray, L.J., Curran, S., Ross, V.G., Clark, C., Murray, G.I., Cassidy, J. and McLeod, H.L. (2002) Evaluation of the Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor (EGFR) in Colorectal Tumours and Lymph Node Metastases. European Journal of Cancer, 38, 2258-2264. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0959-8049(02)00234-4
  24. Porebska, I., Harlozińska, A. and Bojarowski, T. (2000) Expression of the Tyrosine Kinase Activity Growth Factor Receptors (EGFR, ERB B2, ERB B3) in Colorectal Adenocarcinomas and Adenomas. Tumor Biology, 21, 105-115. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000030116
  25. Cunningham, D., Humblet, Y., Siena, S., Khayat, D., Bleiberg, H., Santoro, A., et al. (2004) Cetuximab Monotherapy and Cetuximab Plus Irinotecan in Irinotecan-Refractory Metastatic Colorectal Cancer. New England Journal of Medicine, 351, 337-345. http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa033025
  26. Yan, L. and Beckman, R.A. (2005) Pharmacogenetics and Pharmacogenomics in Oncology Therapeutic Antibody Development. BioTechniques, 39, S565-S568. http://dx.doi.org/10.2144/000112043
  27. Saltz, L.B., Meropol, N.J., Loehrer Sr., P.J., Needle, M.N., Kopit, J. and Mayer, R.J. (2004) Phase II Trial of Cetuximab in Patients with Refractory Colorectal Cancer that Expresses the Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor. Journal of Clinical Oncology, 22, 1201-1208. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/JCO.2004.10.182
  28. Siddiqui, A.D. and Piperdi, B. (2010) KRAS Mutation in Colon Cancer: A Marker of Resistance to EGFR-I Therapy. Annals of Surgical Oncology, 17, 1168-1176. http://dx.doi.org/10.1245/s10434-009-0811-z
  29. Wu, C.C., Hsu, C.W., Chen, C.D., Yu, C.J., Chang, K.P., Tai, D.I., et al. (2010) Candidate Serological Biomarkers for Cancer Identified from the Secretomes of 23 Cancer Cell Lines and the Human Protein Atlas. Molecular & Cellular Proteomics, 9, 1100-1117. http://dx.doi.org/10.1074/mcp.M900398-MCP200
  30. Xue, H., Lu, B., Zhang, J., Wu, M.L., Huang, Q., Wu, Q., et al. (2010) Identification of Serum Biomarkers for Colorectal Cancer Metastasis Using a Differential Secretome Approach. Journal of Proteome Research, 9, 545-555. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/pr9008817
  31. Jimenez, C.R., Knol, J.C., Meijer, G.A. and Fijneman, R.J. (2010) Proteomics of Colorectal Cancer: Overview of Discovery Studies and Identification of Commonly Identified Cancer-Associated Proteins and Candidate CRC Serum Markers. Journal of Proteomics, 73, 1873-1895. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jprot.2010.06.004
  32. Fong, D., Moser, P., Krammel, C., Gostner, J.M., Margreiter, R., Mitterer, M., Gastl, G. and Spizzo, G. (2008) High Expression of TROP2 Correlates with Poor Prognosis in Pancreatic Cancer. British Journal of Cancer, 99, 1290-1295. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/sj.bjc.6604677
  33. Fang, Y.J., Wang, G.Q., Lu, Z.H., Zhang, L., Li, J.B., Wu, X.J., et al. (2012) Different Effects of ERβ and TROP2 Expression in Chinese Patients with Early-Stage Colon Cancer. Tumor Biology, 33, 2227-2235. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13277-012-0484-2
  34. Cubas, R., Zhang, S., Li, M., Chen, C.Y. and Yao, Q.Z. (2011) Chimeric Trop2 Virus-Like Particles: A Potential Immunotherapeutic Approach against Pancreatic Cancer. Journal of Immunotherapy, 34, 251-263. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/CJI.0b013e318209ee72
  35. Bignotti, E., Todeschini, P., Calza, S., Falchetti, M., Ravanini, M., Tassi, R.A., et al. (2010) Trop-2 Overexpression as an Independent Marker for Poor Overall Survival in Ovarian Carcinoma Patients. European Journal of Cancer, 46, 944-953. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ejca.2009.12.019
  36. Thompson, S.J., Schatteman, G.C., Gown, A.M. and Bothwell, M. (1989) A Monoclonal Antibody against Nerve Growth Factor Receptor. Immunohistochemical Analysis of Normal and Neoplastic Human Tissue. American Journal of Clinical Pathology, 92, 415-423.
  37. Baker, D.L., Molenaar, W.M., Trojanowski, J.Q., Evans, A.E., Ross, A.H., Rorke, L.B., Packer, R.J., Lee, V.M.Y. and Pleasure, D. (1991) Nerve Growth Factor Receptor Expression in Peripheral and Central Neuroectodermal Tumors, Other Pediatric Brain Tumors, and during Development of the Adrenal Gland. American Journal of Pathology, 139, 115-122.
  38. Balik, V., Mirossay, P., Bohus, P., Sulla, I., Mirossay, L. and Sarissky, M. (2009) Flow Cytometry Analysis of Neural Differentiation Markers Expression in Human Glioblastomas May Predict Their Response to Chemotherapy. Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology, 29, 845-858. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10571-009-9366-6
  39. Pleasure, S.J., Reddy, U.R., Venkatakrishnan, G., Roy, A.K., Chen, J., Ross, A.H., Trojanowski, J.Q., Pleasure, D.E. and Lee, V.M. (1990) Introduction of Nerve Growth Factor (NGF) Receptors into a Medulloblastoma Cell Line Results in Expression of High- and Low-Affinity NGF Receptors but Not NGF-Mediated Differentiation. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 87, 8496-8500. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.87.21.8496
  40. Maecker, H.T., Todd, S.C. and Levy, S. (1997) The Tetraspanin Superfamily: Molecular Facilitators. FASEB Journal, 11, 428-442.
  41. Hemler, M.E. (2005) Tetraspanin Functions and Associated Microdomains. Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology, 6, 801-811. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrm1736
  42. Mita, A.C., Mita, M.M., Nawrocki, S.T. and Giles, F.J. (2008) Survivin: Key Regulator of Mitosis and Apoptosis and Novel Target for Cancer Therapeutics. Clinical Cancer Research, 14, 5000-5005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-08-0746
  43. Pathi, S., Jutooru, I., Chadalapaka, G., Nair, V., Lee, S.O. and Safe, S. (2012) Aspirin Inhibits Colon Cancer Cell and Tumor Growth and Downregulates Specificity Protein (Sp) Transcription Factors. PLoS ONE, 7, e48208. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0048208

Supplemental

Table 1. Prioritization and selection of candidate biomarkers from CRC cell secretomes.

*Criteria: 1) Proteins detected in the high-confidence human plasma proteome reference set established in 2011 [States et al., 2006] (http://www.hupo.org). 2) Proteins overexpressed in CRC tissue specimens in the Human Protein Atlas (HPA) dataset [Bjorling et al., 2008] (http://www.proteinatlas.org). 3) Proteins up-regulated in CRC in published references. 4) Functions as secreted proteins, or involving in apoptosis/signal transduction. **ABCC3 was set in category B due to previous literature lacking positive association in CRC. ***XYLT1 was set in category C because it is an enzyme which was not a favorable candidate for cancer biomarker.

*Criteria: 1) Proteins detected in the high-confidence human plasma proteome reference set established in 2011 [States et al., 2006] (http://www.hupo.org). 2) Proteins overexpressed in CRC tissue specimens in the Human Protein Atlas (HPA) dataset [Bjorling et al., 2008] (http://www.proteinatlas.org). 3) Proteins up-regulated in CRC in published references. 4) Functions as secreted proteins, or involving in apoptosis/signal transduction. **ABCC3 was set in category B due to previous literature lacking positive association in CRC. ***XYLT1 was set in category C because it is an enzyme which was not a favorable candidate for cancer biomarker.

References

  1. Wang, J., Day, R., Dong, Y., Weintraub, S.J. and Michel, L. (2008) Identification of Trop-2 as an Oncogene and an Attractive Therapeutic Target in Colon Cancers. Molecular Cancer Therapeutics, 7, 280-285. http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/1535-7163.MCT-07-2003
  2. Ohmachi, T., Tanaka, F., Mimori, K., Inoue, H., Yanaga, K. and Mori, M. (2006) Clinical Significance of TROP2 Expression in Colorectal Cancer. Clinical Cancer Research, 12, 3057-3063. http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-05-1961
  3. Santin, A.D., Zhan, F., Bellone, S., Palmieri, M., Cane, S., Bignotti, E., Anfossi, S., Gokden, M., Dunn, D., Roman, J.J., O’Brien, T.J., Tian, E., Cannon, M.J., Shaughnessy Jr., J. and Pecorelli, S. (2004) Gene Expression Profiles in Primary Ovarian Serous Papillary Tumors and Normal Ovarian Epithelium: Identification of Candidate Molecular Markers for Ovarian Cancer Diagnosis and Therapy. International Journal of Cancer, 112, 14-25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ijc.20408
  4. Huang, H., Groth, J., Sossey-Alaoui, K., Hawthorn, L., Beall, S. and Geradts, J. (2005) Aberrant Expression of Novel and Previously Described Cell Membrane Markers in Human Breast Cancer Cell Lines and Tumors. Clinical Cancer Research, 11, 4357-4364. http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-04-2107
  5. Fang, Y.J., Lu, Z.H., Wang, G.Q., Pan, Z.Z., Zhou, Z.W., Yun, J.P., Zhang, M.F. and Wan, D.S. (2009) Elevated Expressions of MMP7, TROP2, and Survivin Are Associated with Survival, Disease Recurrence, and Liver Metastasis of Colon Cancer. International Journal of Colorectal Disease, 24, 875-884. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00384-009-0725-z
  6. Fong, D., Moser, P., Krammel, C., Gostner, J.M., Margreiter, R., Mitterer, M., Gastl, G. and Spizzo, G. (2008) High Expression of TROP2 Correlates with Poor Prognosis in Pancreatic Cancer. British Journal of Cancer, 99, 1290-1295. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/sj.bjc.6604677
  7. Maecker, H.T., Todd, S.C. and Levy, S. (1997) The Tetraspanin Superfamily: Molecular Facilitators. FASEB Journal, 11, 428-442.
  8. Hemler, M.E. (2005) Tetraspanin Functions and Associated Microdomains. Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology, 6, 801-811. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrm1736
  9. Cai, D., Cao, J., Li, Z., Zheng, X., Yao, Y., Li, W.L. and Yuan, Z.Q. (2009) Up-Regulation of Bone Marrow Stromal Protein 2 (BST2) in Breast Cancer with Bone Metastasis. BMC Cancer, 9, 102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1471-2407-9-102
  10. Rew, S.B., Peggs, K., Sanjuan, I., Pizzey, A.R., Koishihara, Y., Kawai, S., Kosaka, M., Ozaki, S., Chain, B. and Yong, K.L. (2005) Generation of Potent Antitumor CTL from Patients with Multiple Myeloma Directed against HM1.24. Clinical Cancer Research, 11, 3377-3384. http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-04-0650
  11. Jalili, A., Ozaki, S., Hara, T., Shibata, H., Hashimoto, T., Abe, M., Nishioka, Y. and Matsumoto, T. (2005) Induction of HM1.24 Peptide-Specific Cytotoxic T Lymphocytes by Using Peripheral-Blood Stem-Cell Harvests in Patients with Multiple Myeloma. Blood, 106, 3538-3545. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood-2005-04-1438
  12. Ozaki, S., Kosaka, M., Wakatsuki, S., Abe, M., Koishihara, Y. and Matsumoto, T. (1997) Immunotherapy of Multiple Myeloma with a Monoclonal Antibody Directed against a Plasma Cell-Specific Antigen, HM1.24. Blood, 90, 3179- 3186.
  13. Lofton-Day, C., Model, F., Devos, T., Tetzner, R., Distler, J., Schuster, M., Song, X., Lesche, R., Liebenberg, V., Ebert, M., Molnar, B., Grutzmann, R., Pilarsky, C. and Sledziewski, A. (2008) DNA Methylation Biomarkers for Blood- Based Colorectal Cancer Screening. Clinical Chemistry, 54, 414-423. http://dx.doi.org/10.1373/clinchem.2007.095992
  14. Reis-Filho, J.S., Steele, D., Di Palma, S., Jones, R.L., Savage, K., James, M., Milanezi, F., Schmitt, F.C. and Ashworth, A. (2006) Distribution and Significance of Nerve Growth Factor Receptor (NGFR/P75NTR) in Normal, Benign and Malignant Breast Tissue. Modern Pathology, 19, 307-319. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/modpathol.3800542
  15. Borrello, M.G., Bongarzone, I., Pierotti, M.A., Luksch, R., Gasparini, M., Collini, P., Pilotti, S., Rizzetti, M.G., Mondellini, P., De Bernardi, B., et al. (1993) trk and ret Proto-Oncogene Expression in Human Neuroblastoma Specimens: High Frequency of trk Expression in Non-Advanced Stages. International Journal of Cancer, 54, 540-545. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ijc.2910540404
  16. Baker, D.L., Reddy, U.R., Pleasure, D., Thorpe, C.L., Evans, A.E., Cohen, P.S. and Ross, A.H. (1989) Analysis of Nerve Growth Factor Receptor Expression in Human Neuroblastoma and Neuroepithelioma Cell Lines. Cancer Research, 49, 4142-4146.
  17. Wang, W., Zhao, H., Zhang, S., Kang, E., Chen, Y., Ni, C., Zhang, S. and Zhu, M. (2009) Patterns of Expression and Function of the P75NGFR Protein in Pancreatic Cancer Cells and Tumours. European Journal of Surgical Oncology, 35, 826-832. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ejso.2008.10.013
  18. Hendrix, N.D., Wu, R., Kuick, R., Schwartz, D.R., Fearon, E.R. and Cho, K.R. (2006) Fibroblast Growth Factor 9 Has Oncogenic Activity and Is a Downstream Target of Wnt Signaling in Ovarian Endometrioid Adenocarcinomas. Cancer Research, 66, 1354-1362. http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-05-3694
  19. Todo, T., Kondo, T., Kirino, T., Asai, A., Adams, E.F., Nakamura, S., Ikeda, K. and Kurokawa, T. (1998) Expression and Growth Stimulatory Effect of Fibroblast Growth Factor 9 in Human Brain Tumors. Neurosurgery, 43, 337-346. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00006123-199808000-00098
  20. Penault-Llorca, F., Bertucci, F., Adelaide, J., Parc, P., Coulier, F., Jacquemier, J., Birnbaum, D. and Delapeyriere, O. (1995) Expression of fgf and fgf Receptor Genes in Human Breast Cancer. International Journal of Cancer, 61, 170- 176. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ijc.2910610205
  21. Wang, C.K., Chang, H., Chen, P.H., Chang, J.T., Kuo, Y.C., Ko, J.L. and Lin, P. (2009) Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor Activation and Overexpression Upregulated Fibroblast Growth Factor-9 in Human Lung Adenocarcinomas. International Journal of Cancer, 125, 807-815. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ijc.24348
  22. Mulder, D.J., Pacheco, I., Hurlbut, D.J., Mak, N., Furuta, G.T., Macleod, R.J. and Justinich, C.J. (2009) FGF9-Induced Proliferative Response to Eosinophilic Inflammation in Oesophagitis. Gut, 58, 166-173. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/gut.2008.157628
  23. Theile, D., Grebhardt, S., Haefeli, W.E. and Weiss, J. (2009) Involvement of Drug Transporters in the Synergistic Action of FOLFOX Combination Chemotherapy. Biochemical Pharmacology, 78, 1366-1373. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bcp.2009.07.006
  24. Liu, Y., Peng, H. and Zhang, J.T. (2005) Expression Profiling of ABC Transporters in a Drug-Resistant Breast Cancer Cell Line Using AmpArray. Molecular Pharmacology, 68, 430-438.
  25. Nies, A.T., Konig, J., Pfannschmidt, M., Klar, E., Hofmann, W.J. and Keppler, D. (2001) Expression of the Multidrug Resistance Proteins MRP2 and MRP3 in Human Hepatocellular Carcinoma. International Journal of Cancer, 94, 492- 499. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ijc.1498
  26. Narayan, G., Bourdon, V., Chaganti, S., Arias-Pulido, H., Nandula, S.V., Rao, P.H., Gissmann, L., Durst, M., Schneider, A., Pothuri, B., Mansukhani, M., Basso, K., Chaganti, R.S. and Murty, V.V. (2007) Gene Dosage Alterations Revealed by cDNA Microarray Analysis in Cervical Cancer: Identification of Candidate Amplified and Overexpressed Genes. Genes, Chromosomes and Cancer, 46, 373-384. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/gcc.20418
  27. Bronger, H., Konig, J., Kopplow, K., Steiner, H.H., Ahmadi, R., Herold-Mende, C., Keppler, D. and Nies, A.T. (2005) ABCC Drug Efflux Pumps and Organic Anion Uptake Transporters in Human Gliomas and the Blood-Tumor Barrier. Cancer Research, 65, 11419-11428. http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-05-1271
  28. Moritz, R.L., Ritter, G., Catimel, B., Cohen, L.S., Welt, S., Old, L.J., Burgess, A.W., Nice, E.C. and Simpson, R.J. (1998) Micro-Sequencing Strategies for the Human A33 Antigen, a Novel Surface Glycoprotein of Human Gastrointestinal Epithelium. Journal of Chromatography A, 798, 91-101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0021-9673(97)01031-5
  29. Solmi, R., De Sanctis, P., Zucchini, C., Ugolini, G., Rosati, G., Del Governatore, M., Coppola, D., Yeatman, T.J., Lenzi, L., Caira, A., Zanotti, S., Taffurelli, M., Carinci, P., Valvassori, L. and Strippoli, P. (2004) Search for Epithelial- Specific mRNAs in Peripheral Blood of Patients with Colon Cancer by RT-PCR. International Journal of Oncology, 25, 1049-1056.
  30. Wong, N.A., Warren, B.F., Piris, J., Maynard, N., Marshall, R. and Bodmer, W.F. (2006) EpCAM and gpA33 Are Markers of Barrett’s Metaplasia. Journal of Clinical Pathology, 59, 260-263. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/jcp.2005.027474
  31. Rageul, J., Mottier, S., Jarry, A., Shah, Y., Theoleyre, S., Masson, D., Gonzalez, F.J., Laboisse, C.L. and Denis, M.G. (2009) KLF4-Dependent, PPARγ-Induced Expression of GPA33 in Colon Cancer Cell Lines. International Journal of Cancer, 125, 2802-2809. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ijc.24683
  32. Cafferata, E.G., Maccio, D.R., Lopez, M.V., Viale, D.L., Carbone, C., Mazzolini, G. and Podhajcer, O.L. (2009) A Novel A33 Promoter-Based Conditionally Replicative Adenovirus Suppresses Tumor Growth and Eradicates Hepatic Metastases in Human Colon Cancer Models. Clinical Cancer Research, 15, 3037-3049. http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-08-1161
  33. Marfatia, S.M., Leu, R.A., Branton, D. and Chishti, A.H. (1995) Identification of the Protein 4.1 Binding Interface on Glycophorin C and p55, a Homologue of the Drosophila discs-large Tumor Suppressor Protein. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 270, 715-719. http://dx.doi.org/10.1074/jbc.270.2.715
  34. Kim, A.C., Metzenberg, A.B., Sahr, K.E., Marfatia, S.M. and Chishti, A.H. (1996) Complete Genomic Organization of the Human Erythroid p55 Gene (MPP1), a Membrane-Associated Guanylate Kinase Homologue. Genomics, 31, 223- 229. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/geno.1996.0035
  35. Ruff, P., Speicher, D.W. and Husain-Chishti, A. (1991) Molecular Identification of a Major Palmitoylated Erythrocyte Membrane Protein Containing the Src Homology 3 Motif. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 88, 6595-6599. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.88.15.6595
  36. Marfatia, S.M., Morais-Cabral, J.H., Kim, A.C., Byron, O. and Chishti, A.H. (1997) The PDZ Domain of Human Erythrocyte p55 Mediates Its Binding to the Cytoplasmic Carboxyl Terminus of Glycophorin C. Analysis of the Binding Interface by in Vitro Mutagenesis. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 272, 24191-24197. http://dx.doi.org/10.1074/jbc.272.39.24191
  37. Ose, R., Yanagawa, T., Ikeda, S., Ohara, O. and Koga, H. (2009) PCDH24-Induced Contact Inhibition Involves Down- regulation of β-Catenin Signaling. Molecular Oncology, 3, 54-66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.molonc.2008.10.005
  38. Liao, Y.H., Hsu, S.M. and Huang, P.H. (2007) ARMS Depletion Facilitates UV Irradiation Induced Apoptotic Cell Death in Melanoma. Cancer Research, 67, 11547-11556. http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-07-1930
  39. Hazarika, P., Mccarty, M.F., Prieto, V.G., George, S., Babu, D., Koul, D., Bar-Eli, M. and Duvic, M. (2004) Up-Regu- lation of Flotillin-2 Is Associated with Melanoma Progression and Modulates Expression of the Thrombin Receptor Protease Activated Receptor 1. Cancer Research, 64, 7361-7369. http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-04-0823
  40. Doherty, S.D., Prieto, V.G., George, S., Hazarika, P. and Duvic, M. (2006) High Flotillin-2 Expression Is Associated with Lymph Node Metastasis and Breslow Depth in Melanoma. Melanoma Research, 16, 461-463. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.cmr.0000222592.75858.20
  41. Yang, X.Y., Ren, C.P., Wang, L., Li, H., Jiang, C.J., Zhang, H.B., Zhao, M. and Yao, K.T. (2005) Identification of Differentially Expressed Genes in Metastatic and Non-Metastatic Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Cells by Suppression Subtractive Hybridization. Cellular Oncology, 27, 215-223.
  42. Babyatsky, M., Lin, J., Yio, X., Chen, A., Zhang, J.Y., Zheng, Y., Twyman, C., Bao, X., Schwartz, M., Thung, S., Lawrence Werther, J. and Itzkowitz, S. (2009) Trefoil Factor-3 Expression in Human Colon Cancer Liver Metastasis. Clinical & Experimental Metastasis, 26, 143-151. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10585-008-9224-9
  43. Leung, W.K., Yu, J., Chan, F.K., To, K.F., Chan, M.W., Ebert, M.P., Ng, E.K., Chung, S.C., Malfertheiner, P. and Sung, J.J. (2002) Expression of Trefoil Peptides (TFF1, TFF2, and TFF3) in Gastric Carcinomas, Intestinal Metaplasia, and Non-Neoplastic Gastric Tissues. Journal of Pathology, 197, 582-588. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/path.1147
  44. Poulsom, R., Hanby, A.M., Lalani, E.N., Hauser, F., Hoffmann, W. and Stamp, G.W. (1997) Intestinal Trefoil Factor (TFF 3) and Ps2 (TFF 1), But Not Spasmolytic Polypeptide (TFF 2) mRNAs Are Co-Expressed in Normal, Hyperplastic, and Neoplastic Human Breast Epithelium. Journal of Pathology, 183, 30-38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1096-9896(199709)183:1<30::AID-PATH1085>3.0.CO;2-K
  45. Van Baal, J.W., Milana, F., Rygiel, A.M., Sondermeijer, C.M., Spek, C.A., Bergman, J.J., Peppelenbosch, M.P. and Krishnadath, K.K. (2008) A Comparative Analysis by SAGE of Gene Expression Profiles of Esophageal Adenocarcinoma and Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma. Cellular Oncology, 30, 63-75.
  46. Vestergaard, E.M., Borre, M., Poulsen, S.S., Nexo, E. and Tørring, N. (2006) Plasma Levels of Trefoil Factors Are Increased in Patients with Advanced Prostate Cancer. Clinical Cancer Research, 12, 807-812. http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-05-1545
  47. Hanna-Morris, A., Badvie, S., Cohen, P., Mccullough, T., Andreyev, H.J. and Allen-Mersh, T.G. (2009) Minichromosome Maintenance Protein 2 (MCM2) Is a Stronger Discriminator of Increased Proliferation in Mucosa Adjacent to Colorectal Cancer than Ki-67. Journal of Clinical Pathology, 62, 325-330. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/jcp.2007.054643
  48. Dziegiel, P., Forgacz, J., Suder, E., Surowiak, P., Kornafel, J. and Zabel, M. (2003) Prognostic Significance of Metallothionein Expression in Correlation with Ki-67 Expression in Adenocarcinomas of Large Intestine. Histology and Histopathology, 18, 401-407.
  49. Allegra, C.J., Paik, S., Colangelo, L.H., Parr, A.L., Kirsch, I., Kim, G., Klein, P., Johnston, P.G., Wolmark, N. and Wieand, H.S. (2003) Prognostic Value of Thymidylate Synthase, Ki-67, and p53 in Patients with Dukes’ B and C Colon Cancer: A National Cancer Institute-National Surgical Adjuvant Breast and Bowel Project Collaborative Study. Journal of Clinical Oncology, 21, 241-250. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/JCO.2003.05.044
  50. Smith, M.J., Culhane, A.C., Donovan, M., Coffey, J.C., Barry, B.D., Kelly, M.A., Higgins, D.G., Wang, J.H., Kirwan, W.O., Cotter, T.G. and Redmond, H.P. (2009) Analysis of Differential Gene Expression in Colorectal Cancer and Stroma Using Fluorescence-Activated Cell Sorting Purification. British Journal of Cancer, 100, 1452-1464. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/sj.bjc.6604931
  51. Theret, N., Musso, O., Campion, J.P., Turlin, B., Loreal, O., L’Helgoualc’h, A. and Clement, B. (1997) Overexpression of Matrix Metalloproteinase-2 and Tissue Inhibitor of Matrix Metalloproteinase-2 in Liver from Patients with Gastrointestinal Adenocarcinoma and No Detectable Metastasis. International Journal of Cancer, 74, 426-432. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1097-0215(19970822)74:4<426::AID-IJC11>3.0.CO;2-7
  52. Pritchard, S.C., Nicolson, M.C., Lloret, C., Mckay, J.A., Ross, V.G., Kerr, K.M., Murray, G.I. and Mcleod, H.L. (2001) Expression of Matrix Metalloproteinases 1, 2, 9 and Their Tissue Inhibitors in Stage II Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer: Implications for MMP Inhibition Therapy. Oncology Reports, 8, 421-424.
  53. Musso, O., Theret, N., Campion, J.P., Turlin, B., Milani, S., Grappone, C. and Clement, B. (1997) In Situ Detection of Matrix Metalloproteinase-2 (MMP2) and the Metalloproteinase Inhibitor TIMP2 Transcripts in Human Primary Hepatocellular Carcinoma and in Liver Metastasis. Journal of Hepatology, 26, 593-605. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0168-8278(97)80425-4
  54. Mees, S.T., Mennigen, R., Spieker, T., Rijcken, E., Senninger, N., Haier, J. and Bruewer, M. (2009) Expression of Tight and Adherens Junction Proteins in Ulcerative Colitis Associated Colorectal Carcinoma: Upregulation of Claudin-1, Claudin-3, Claudin-4, and Beta-Catenin. International Journal of Colorectal Disease, 24, 361-368. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00384-009-0653-y
  55. Hewitt, K.J., Agarwal, R. and Morin, P.J. (2006) The Claudin Gene Family: Expression in Normal and Neoplastic Tissues. BMC Cancer, 6, 186. http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1471-2407-6-186
  56. De Oliveira, S.S., De Oliveira, I.M., De Souza, W. and Morgado-Diaz, J.A. (2005) Claudins Upregulation in Human Colorectal Cancer. FEBS Letters, 579, 6179-6185. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.febslet.2005.09.091
  57. Huang, Y.H., Bao, Y., Peng, W., Goldberg, M., Love, K., Bumcrot, D.A., Cole, G., Langer, R., Anderson, D.G. and Sawicki, J.A. (2009) Claudin-3 Gene Silencing with siRNA Suppresses Ovarian Tumor Growth and Metastasis. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 106, 3426-3430. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0813348106
  58. Soini, Y. (2004) Claudins 2, 3, 4, and 5 in Paget’s Disease and Breast Carcinoma. Human Pathology, 35, 1531-1536. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.humpath.2004.09.015
  59. Santin, A.D., Zhan, F., Cane’, S., Bellone, S., Palmieri, M., Thomas, M., Burnett, A., Roman, J.J., Cannon, M.J., Shaughnessy Jr., J. and Pecorelli, S. (2005) Gene Expression Fingerprint of Uterine Serous Papillary Carcinoma: Identification of Novel Molecular Markers for Uterine Serous Cancer Diagnosis and Therapy. British Journal of Cancer, 92, 1561-1573. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/sj.bjc.6602480
  60. Tian, Z.Q., Wang, X.L. and Wu, W. (2008) Expression of Metallothionein-3 in Esophageal Cancer and Its Correlations to Expression of Metallothionein-1 and -2. Ai Zheng, 27, 160-164. (Chinese)
  61. Deng, D., El-Rifai, W., Ji, J., Zhu, B., Trampont, P., Li, J., Smith, M.F. and Powel, S.M. (2003) Hypermethylation of Metallothionein-3 CpG Island in Gastric Carcinoma. Carcinogenesis, 24, 25-29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/carcin/24.1.25
  62. Hoey, J.G., Garrett, S.H., Sens, M.A., Todd, J.H. and Sens, D.A. (1997) Expression of MT-3 mRNA in Human Kidney, Proximal Tubule Cell Cultures, and Renal Cell Carcinoma. Toxicology Letters, 92, 149-160. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0378-4274(97)00049-0
  63. Hafner, C., Schmitz, G., Meyer, S., Bataille, F., Hau, P., Langmann, T., Dietmaier, W., Landthaler, M. and Vogt, T. (2004) Differential Gene Expression of Eph Receptors and Ephrins in Benign Human Tissues and Cancers. Clinical Chemistry, 50, 490-499. http://dx.doi.org/10.1373/clinchem.2003.026849
  64. Jin, M., Komohara, Y., Shichijo, S., Yamanaka, R., Nikawa, J., Itoh, K. and Yamada, A. (2008) Erythropoietin-Pro- ducing Hepatocyte B6 Variant-Derived Peptides with the Ability to Induce Glioma-Reactive Cytotoxic T Lymphocytes in Human Leukocyte Antigen-A2+ Glioma Patients. Cancer Science, 99, 1656-1662. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1349-7006.2008.00866.x
  65. Jin, M., Komohara, Y., Shichijo, S., Harada, M., Yamanaka, R., Miyamoto, S., Nikawa, J., Itoh, K. and Yamada, A. (2008) Identification of EphB6 Variant-Derived Epitope Peptides Recognized by Cytotoxic T-Lymphocytes from HLA-A24+ Malignant Glioma Patients. Oncology Reports, 19, 1277-1283.
  66. Muller-Tidow, C., Schwable, J., Steffen, B., Tidow, N., Brandt, B., Becker, K., Schulze-Bahr, E., Halfter, H., Vogt, U., Metzger, R., Schneider, P.M., Buchner, T., Brandts, C., Berdel, W.E. and Serve, H. (2004) High-Throughput Analysis of Genome-Wide Receptor Tyrosine Kinase Expression in Human Cancers Identifies Potential Novel Drug Targets. Clinical Cancer Research, 10, 1241-1249. http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-0954-03
  67. Fox, B.P. and Kandpal, R.P. (2009) EphB6 Receptor Significantly Alters Invasiveness and Other Phenotypic Characteristics of Human Breast Carcinoma Cells. Oncogene, 28, 1706-1713. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/onc.2009.18
  68. Weston, B.W., Hiller, K.M., Mayben, J.P., Manousos, G.A., Bendt, K.M., Liu, R. and Cusack Jr., J.C. (1999) Expression of Human Alpha(1,3)fucosyltransferase Antisense Sequences Inhibits Selectin-Mediated Adhesion and Liver Metastasis of Colon Carcinoma Cells. Cancer Research, 59, 2127-2135.
  69. Escrevente, C., Machado, E., Brito, C., Reis, C.A., Stoeck, A., Runz, S., Marme, A., Altevogt, P. and Costa, J. (2006) Different Expression Levels of Alpha3/4 Fucosyltransferases and Lewis Determinants in Ovarian Carcinoma Tissues and Cell Lines. International Journal of Oncology, 29, 557-566.
  70. Lopez-Ferrer, A., De Bolos, C., Barranco, C., Garrido, M., Isern, J., Carlstedt, I., Reis, C.A., Torrado, J. and Real, F.X. (2000) Role of Fucosyltransferases in the Association between Apomucin and Lewis Antigen Expression in Normal and Malignant Gastric Epithelium. Gut, 47, 349-356. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/gut.47.3.349
  71. Dan, I., Watanabe, N.M., Kobayashi, T., Yamashita-Suzuki, K., Fukagaya, Y., Kajikawa, E., Kimura, W.K., Nakashima, T.M., Matsumoto, K., Ninomiya-Tsuji, J. and Kusumi, A. (2000) Molecular Cloning of MINK, a Novel Member of Mammalian GCK Family Kinases, Which Is Up-Regulated during Postnatal Mouse Cerebral Development. FEBS Letters, 469, 19-23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0014-5793(00)01247-3
  72. Hu, Y., Leo, C., Yu, S., Huang, B.C., Wang, H., Shen, M., Luo, Y., Daniel-Issakani, S., Payan, D.G. and Xu, X. (2004) Identification and Functional Characterization of a Novel Human Misshapen/Nck Interacting Kinase-Related Kinase, Hmink Beta. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 279, 54387-54397.
  73. Daulat, A.M., Luu, O., Sing, A., Zhang, L., Wrana, J.L., Mcneill, H., Winklbauer, R. and Angers, S. (2012) Mink1 Regulates β-Catenin-Independent Wnt Signaling via Prickle Phosphorylation. Molecular and Cellular Biology, 32, 173-185.
  74. Kang, H., Escudero-Esparza, A., Douglas-Jones, A., Mansel, R.E. and Jiang, W.G. (2009) Transcript Analyses of Stromal Cell Derived Factors (SDFs): SDF-2, SDF-4 and SDF-5 Reveal a Different Pattern of Expression and Prognostic Association in Human Breast Cancer. International Journal of Oncology, 35, 205-211.
  75. Vendrell, E., Ribas, M., Valls, J., Sole, X., Grau, M., Moreno, V., Capella, G. and Peinado, M.A. (2007) Genomic and Transcriptomic Prognostic Factors in R0 Dukes B and C Colorectal Cancer Patients. International Journal of Oncology, 30, 1099-1107.
  76. Leger-Ravet, M.B., Mathiot, C., Portier, A., Brandely, M., Galanaud, P., Fridman, W.H. and Emilie, D. (1994) Increased Expression of Perforin and Granzyme B Genes in Patients with Metastatic Melanoma Treated with Recombinant Interleukin-2. Cancer Immunology, Immunotherapy, 39, 53-58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01517181
  77. Mayor, R., Casadome, L., Azuara, D., Moreno, V., Clark, S.J., Capella, G. and Peinado, M.A. (2009) Long-Range Epigenetic Silencing at 2q14.2 Affects Most Human Colorectal Cancers and May Have Application as a Non-Invasive Biomarker of Disease. British Journal of Cancer, 100, 1534-1539. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/sj.bjc.6605045
  78. Mylonas, I., Jeschke, U., Shabani, N., Kuhn, C., Friese, K. and Gerber, B. (2005) Inhibin/Activin Subunits (Inhibin-Alpha, -BetaA and -BetaB) Are Differentially Expressed in Human Breast Cancer and Their Metastasis. Oncology Reports, 13, 81-88.
  79. Boelens, M.C., Van Den Berg, A., Fehrmann, R.S., Geerlings, M., De Jong, W.K., Te Meerman, G.J., Sietsma, H., Timens, W., Postma, D.S. and Groen, H.J. (2009) Current Smoking-Specific Gene Expression Signature in Normal Bronchial Epithelium Is Enhanced in Squamous Cell Lung Cancer. Journal of Pathology, 218, 182-191. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/path.2520
  80. Wojtukiewicz, M.Z., Zacharski, L.R., Memoli, V.A., Kisiel, W., Kudryk, B.J., Rousseau, S.M. and Stump, D.C. (1989) Indirect Activation of Blood Coagulation in Colon Cancer. Thrombosis and Haemostasis, 62, 1062-1066.
  81. D’Argenio, G., Calvani, M., Della Valle, N., Cosenza, V., Di Matteo, G., Giorgio, P., Margarucci, S., Petillo, O., Jori, F.P., Galderisi, U. and Peluso, G. (2005) Differential Expression of Multiple Transglutaminases in Human Colon: Impaired Keratinocyte Transglutaminase Expression in Ulcerative Colitis. Gut, 54, 496-502. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/gut.2004.049411
  82. Morrissey, C., True, L.D., Roudier, M.P., Coleman, I.M., Hawley, S., Nelson, P.S., Coleman, R., Wang, Y.C., Corey, E., Lange, P.H., Higano, C.S. and Vessella, R.L. (2008) Differential Expression of Angiogenesis Associated Genes in Prostate Cancer Bone, Liver and Lymph Node Metastases. Clinical & Experimental Metastasis, 25, 377-388. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10585-007-9116-4
  83. Bourguignon, L.Y., Gilad, E., Rothman, K. and Peyrollier, K. (2005) Hyaluronan-CD44 Interaction with IQGAP1 Promotes Cdc42 and ERK Signaling, Leading to Actin Binding, Elk-1/Estrogen Receptor Transcriptional Activation, and Ovarian Cancer Progression. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 280, 11961-11972. http://dx.doi.org/10.1074/jbc.M411985200
  84. Matsuzaki, S., Tanaka, F., Mimori, K., Tahara, K., Inoue, H. and Mori, M. (2009) Clinicopathologic Significance of KIAA1199 Overexpression in Human Gastric Cancer. Annals of Surgical Oncology, 16, 2042-2051. http://dx.doi.org/10.1245/s10434-009-0469-6
  85. Sabates-Bellver, J., Van Der Flier, L.G., De Palo, M., Cattaneo, E., Maake, C., Rehrauer, H., Laczko, E., Kurowski, M.A., Bujnicki, J.M., Menigatti, M., Luz, J., Ranalli, T.V., Gomes, V., Pastorelli, A., Faggiani, R., Anti, M., Jiricny, J., Clevers, H. and Marra, G. (2007) Transcriptome Profile of Human Colorectal Adenomas. Molecular Cancer Research, 5, 1263-1275. http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/1541-7786.MCR-07-0267
  86. Lai, M.M., Luo, H.R., Burnett, P.E., Hong, J.J. and Snyder, S.H. (2000) The Calcineurin-Binding Protein Cain Is a Negative Regulator of Synaptic Vesicle Endocytosis. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 275, 34017-34020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1074/jbc.C000429200
  87. Doray, B. and Kornfeld, S. (2001) γ Subunit of the AP-1 Adaptor Complex Binds Clathrin: Implications for Cooperative Binding in Coated Vesicle Assembly. Molecular Biology of the Cell, 12, 1925-1935. http://dx.doi.org/10.1091/mbc.12.7.1925
  88. Kang, R.S. and Fölsch, H. (2011) ARH Cooperates with AP-1B in the Exocytosis of LDLR in Polarized Epithelial Cells. Journal of Cell Biology, 193, 51-60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1083/jcb.201012121
  89. Mills, I.G., Praefcke, G.J., Vallis, Y., Peter, B.J., Olesen, L.E., Gallop, J.L., Butler, P.J., Evans, P.R. and Mcmahon, H.T. (2003) EpsinR: An AP1/Clathrin Interacting Protein Involved in Vesicle Trafficking. Journal of Cell Biology, 160, 213-222. http://dx.doi.org/10.1083/jcb.200208023
  90. Xin, B., Platzer, P., Fink, S.P., Reese, L., Nosrati, A., Willson, J.K., Wilson, K. and Markowitz, S. (2005) Colon Cancer Secreted Protein-2 (CCSP-2), a Novel Candidate Serological Marker of Colon Neoplasia. Oncogene, 24, 724-731. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/sj.onc.1208134
  91. Ardeleanu, C., Arsene, D., Hinescu, M., Andrei, F., Gutu, D., Luca, L. and Popescu, L.M. (2009) Pancreatic Expression of DOG1: A Novel Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumor (GIST) Biomarker. Applied Immunohistochemistry & Molecular Morphology, 17, 413-418.
  92. Espinosa, I., Lee, C.H., Kim, M.K., Rouse, B.T., Subramanian, S., Montgomery, K., Varma, S., Corless, C.L., Heinrich, M.C., Smith, K.S., Wang, Z., Rubin, B., Nielsen, T.O., Seitz, R.S., Ross, D.T., West, R.B., Cleary, M.L. and Van De Rijn, M. (2008) A Novel Monoclonal Antibody against DOG1 Is a Sensitive and Specific Marker for Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumors. American Journal of Surgical Pathology, 32, 210-218. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/PAS.0b013e3181238cec
  93. Wong, J.M., Mafune, K., Yow, H., Rivers, E.N., Ravikumar, T.S., Steele Jr., G.D. and Chen, L.B. (1993) Ubiquitin- Ribosomal Protein S27a Gene Overexpressed in Human Colorectal Carcinoma Is an Early Growth Response Gene. Cancer Research, 53, 1916-1920.
  94. Fernandez-Pol, J.A. (1996) Metallopanstimulin as a Novel Tumor Marker in Sera of Patients with Various Types of Common Cancers: Implications for Prevention and Therapy. Anticancer Research, 16, 2177-2185.
  95. Atsuta, Y., Aoki, N., Sato, K., Oikawa, K., Nochi, H., Miyokawa, N., Hirata, S., Kimura, S., Sasajima, T. and Katagiri, M. (2002) Identification of Metallopanstimulin-1 as a Member of a Tumor Associated Antigen in Patients with Breast Cancer. Cancer Letters, 182, 101-107. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0304-3835(02)00068-X
  96. Wang, Y.W., Qu, Y., Li, J.F., Chen, X.H., Liu, B.Y., Gu, Q.L. and Zhu, Z.G. (2006) In Vitro and in Vivo Evidence of Metallopanstimulin-1 in Gastric Cancer Progression and Tumorigenicity. Clinical Cancer Research, 12, 4965-4973. http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-05-2316
  97. Purrello, M., Di Pietro, C., Rapisarda, A., Amico, V., Giunta, V., Engel, H., Stevens, S., Hsieh, Y., Teichman, M., Wang, Z., Sichel, G., Roeder, R. and Grzeschik, K.H. (2001) Genes for Human General Transcription Initiation Factors TFIIIB, TFIIIB-Associated Proteins, TFIIIC2 and PTF/SNAPC: Functional and Positional Candidates for Tumour Predisposition or Inherited Genetic Diseases? Oncogene, 20, 4877-4883. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/sj.onc.1204604
  98. Winter, A.G., Sourvinos, G., Allison, S.J., Tosh, K., Scott, P.H., Spandidos, D.A. and White, R.J. (2000) RNA Polymerase III Transcription Factor TFIIIC2 Is Overexpressed in Ovarian Tumors. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 97, 12619-12624. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.230224097
  99. Jin, H., Wang, X., Ying, J., Wong, A.H., Cui, Y., Srivastava, G., Shen, Z.Y., Li, E.M., Zhang, Q., Jin, J., Kupzig, S., Chan, A.T., Cullen, P.J. and Tao, Q. (2007) Epigenetic Silencing of a Ca2+-Regulated Ras GTPase-Activating Protein RASAL Defines a New Mechanism of Ras Activation in Human Cancers. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 104, 12353-12358. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0700153104
  100. Skawran, B., Steinemann, D., Weigmann, A., Flemming, P., Becker, T., Flik, J., Kreipe, H., Schlegelberger, B. and Wilkens, L. (2008) Gene Expression Profiling in Hepatocellular Carcinoma: Upregulation of Genes in Amplified Chromosome Regions. Modern Pathology, 21, 505-516. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/modpathol.3800998
  101. Zhou, F.L., Zhang, W.G., Chen, G., Zhao, W.H., Cao, X.M., Chen, Y.X., Tian, W., Liu, J. and Liu, S.H. (2006) Serological Identification and Bioinformatics Analysis of Immunogenic Antigens in Multiple Myeloma. Cancer Immunology, Immunotherapy, 55, 910-917. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00262-005-0074-x
  102. Penna, I., Du, H., Ferriani, R. and Taylor, H.S. (2008) Calpain5 Expression Is Decreased in Endometriosis and Regulated by HOXA10 in Human Endometrial Cells. Molecular Human Reproduction, 14, 613-618. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/molehr/gan055
  103. Ueki, T., Nakayama, Y., Sugao, Y., Kohno, K., Matsuo, K., Sugimoto, Y., Yamada, Y., Kuwano, M. and Tsuneyoshi, M. (1997) Significance of the Expression of Proliferation-Associated Nucleolar Antigen P120 in Human Colorectal Tumors. Human Pathology, 28, 74-79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0046-8177(97)90282-3
  104. Fonagy, A., Swiderski, C. and Freeman, J.W. (1995) Altered Transcription Control Is Responsible for the Increased Level of Proliferation-Associated P120 in Rapidly Growing Breast Carcinoma. International Journal of Cancer, 60, 407-412. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ijc.2910600323
  105. Sato, G., Saijo, Y., Uchiyama, B., Kumano, N., Sugawara, S., Fujimura, S., Sato, M., Sagawa, M., Ohkuda, K., Koike, K., Minami, Y., Satoh, K. and Nukiwa, T. (1999) Prognostic Value of Nucleolar Protein P120 in Patients with Resected Lung Adenocarcinoma. Journal of Clinical Oncology, 17, 2721-2727.
  106. Salahshor, S., Goncalves, J., Chetty, R., Gallinger, S. and Woodgett, J.R. (2005) Differential Gene Expression Profile Reveals Deregulation of Pregnancy Specific β1 Glycoprotein 9 Early during Colorectal Carcinogenesis. BMC Cancer, 5, 66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1471-2407-5-66
  107. Heikinheimo, M., Rajantie, J., Kuusela, P., Kallio, M.J. and Siimes, M.A. (1990) Oncofetal Markers CA 19-9, CA 125 and SP1 in Healthy Children and in Children with Malignancy. British Journal of Cancer, 62, 865-867. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/bjc.1990.396
  108. Wright, C., Angus, B., Napier, J., Wetherall, M., Udagawa, Y., Sainsbury, J.R., Johnston, S., Carpenter, F. and Horne, C.H. (1987) Prognostic Factors in Breast Cancer: Immunohistochemical Staining for SP1 and NCRC 11 Related to Survival, Tumour Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor and Oestrogen Receptor Status. Journal of Pathology, 153, 325- 331. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/path.1711530406
  109. Kouji, H., Inazu, M., Yamada, T., Tajima, H., Aoki, T. and Matsumiya, T. (2009) Molecular and Functional Characterization of Choline Transporter in Human Colon Carcinoma HT-29 Cells. Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics, 483, 90-98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.abb.2008.12.008
  110. Durany, N., Joseph, J., Campo, E., Molina, R. and Carreras, J. (1997) Phosphoglycerate Mutase, 2,3-Bisphosphoglyce- rate Phosphatase and Enolase Activity and Isoenzymes in Lung, Colon and Liver Carcinomas. British Journal of Cancer, 75, 969-977. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/bjc.1997.168
  111. Fang, M.Z., Liu, C., Song, Y., Yang, G.Y., Nie, Y., Liao, J., Zhao, X., Shimada, Y., Wang, L.D. and Yang, C.S. (2004) Over-Expression of Gastrin-Releasing Peptide in Human Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinomas. Carcinogenesis, 25, 865-871. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/carcin/bgh097
  112. Pai, R., Dunlap, D., Qing, J., Mohtashemi, I., Hotzel, K. and French, D.M. (2008) Inhibition of Fibroblast Growth Factor 19 Reduces Tumor Growth by Modulating Beta-Catenin Signaling. Cancer Research, 68, 5086-5095. http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-07-2325
  113. Desnoyers, L.R., Pai, R., Ferrando, R.E., Hötzel, K., Le, T., Ross, J., Carano, R., D'Souza, A., Qing, J., Mohtashemi, I., Ashkenazi, A. and French, D.M. (2008) Targeting FGF19 Inhibits Tumor Growth in Colon Cancer Xenograft and FGF19 Transgenic Hepatocellular Carcinoma Models. Oncogene, 27, 85-97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/sj.onc.1210623
  114. Furuta, J., Nobeyama, Y., Umebayashi, Y., Otsuka, F., Kikuchi, K. and Ushijima, T. (2006) Silencing of Peroxiredoxin 2 and Aberrant Methylation of 33 CpG Islands in Putative Promoter Regions in Human Malignant Melanomas. Cancer Research, 66, 6080-6086. http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-06-0157
  115. Svensson, P., Bergqvist, I., Norlin, S. and Edlund, H. (2009) MFng Is Dispensable for Mouse Pancreas Development and Function. Molecular and Cellular Biology, 29, 2129-2138. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/MCB.01644-08

NOTES

*Corresponding authors.

Journal Menu >>