Use of Extra-Narrow-Diameter Implants in Reduced Alveolar Ridge: A Case Report (Case Report)
1. Background
Narrow-diameter implants have been introduced for the replacement of teeth with insufficient bone structure in the bone crest and/or limited mesiodistal or interimplant spaces, such as in the upper lateral or lower incisors areas, and are claimed to be a reasonable alternative to bone augmentation procedures [1] [2] [3]. These implants are associated with high survival rates, favorable marginal bone loss, and increased satisfaction and quality of life of patients [4]. Narrow implants are generally subdivided into implants with diameter of less than 3.0 mm classified as extra-narrow-diameter, and with diameter equal to or more than 3.0 mm and less than 3.75 mm classified as narrow-diameter implants. In a study of narrow-diameter (3.5 mm) implants replacing either a central or a lateral incisor in the maxilla, follow-up examinations up to 3 years after loading showed successful results and margin bone loss following the same pattern than in standard diameter (3.75 mm) implants [5]. The diameter of a dental implant is selected based on the type of edentulousness, the amount of the residual bone, the space volume available for the prosthetic rehabilitation, the emergency profile, and the type of occlusion [6]. On the other hand, given the challenges of rehabilitation in edentulous patients for the use of implants in regions where there is bone insufficiency, the use of narrow-diameter implants without the need of complementary surgeries to increase the amount of bone, makes treatment less costly and traumatic in the preparatory period [7]. It is also important to consider the mesiodistal dimension of the prosthetic space, since an adequate distance between the teeth and implants is necessary to reduce subsequent bone resorption in the papilla region, with an external hexagon interface of 3 mm between implants and cone morse of 1.5 mm between implants. Therefore, in order to preserve these characteristics, in many cases, it is necessary to use extra-narrow-diameter implants such as those of 2.8 mm, which allows for oral rehabilitation while respecting the functional spaces [8] [9].
The purpose of this study is to describe a case report as an example of how rehabilitation is possible in a patient with absence of elements 12 and 13 using extra-narrow-diameter implants of 2.8 mm diameter. Because the clinical experience with extra-narrow-diameter implants is limited, we also intended to present this case to show the applicability and success of using extra-narrow-diameter implants in daily oral implantology practice.
2. Case Presentation
A 59-year-old male patient attended a specialization course in Implant Dentistry at the Faculty of Dentistry of the State University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro (Brazil) seeking to restore its masticatory function and aesthetics in the upper arch. He reported having undergone various treatments along the previous months, which were unsuccessful to achieve satisfactory implant rehabilitation. In the clinical and radiographic examination four implants (Globteck, Bethaville SP, Brazil) were observed on the maxillary left side, with the implant area of element 23 placed protuberantly and in a more apical position as compared to the remaining implants (Figure 1). All possibilities of rehabilitation were considered based on results of panoramic radiographs, periapical radiographs, and computed tomography (CT) studies, as well as analysis in semi-adjustable articulators to check for occlusion of the arcades. Once a correct and comfortable occlusion for the patient was determined, diagnostic waxing was done to simulate the position of the implant supported teeth to achieve the desired esthetics and function.
The implant in the region between the elements 23 and 24 that was completely outside the ideal positioning for the placement of a functional crown, located in a very apical position and vestibularized was removed. As shown in CT studies, type III bone with little thickness prevented to place a 3.5 mm implant. Therefore, two narrow-diameter implants, 2.8 × 11 mm (SYSTHEX Implantes Dentários, Curitiba, Brazil) in the region between elements 11 and 14 (Figure 2) were placed instead of a fixed bridge of four elements in the edentulous space between elements 11 and 14, as these would be better in biomechanics, and besides esthetics, the required space was insufficient for the placement of two lateral and canine incisor crowns (Figure 3). Together, two 3.5 × 8.5 mm SYSTHEX® platform 4.1 implants were installed in the region of elements 15 and 16, to provide greater stability in the occlusion, in addition to returning the canine and group guides.
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Figure 1. A previous implant in the area of element 23 in a more apical position and vestibulized as compared with the other implants.
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Figure 2. Narrow diameter platform implants installed in the region between elements 11 and 14.
The conduits of elements 21, 22, and 11 were properly prepared and received metal pin and core (Figure 4). Figure 5 shows the provisional already installed on the elements 11, 21, and 22 with the metal cores already prepared and with the Globteck® implants in the region of the elements 23, 24, and 27. Such a provisional one gave an improvement which was initially esthetic, which pleased the patient, who did not smile much, and began to chew more harmonically. These implants were long without mechanical load and needed to be put into function.
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Figure 3. Insufficient space for placement of three elements.
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Figure 4. Elements 21, 22 and 11 with metal pin and core prepared for the definitive crown.
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Figure 5. Provisional elements 21, 22 and 11 already installed with satisfactory esthetic appearance and function.
3. Discussion
The present clinical case illustrates that extra-narrow-diameter implants can be successfully used to restore esthetics and function of missing maxillary teeth. The replacement of lost natural teeth by means of tissue-integrated implants represents a major advance in clinical treatment. The genesis of osseointegration, a concept introduced by Brånemark in the 1960s [10] has widened the scope of treatment options for edentulous patients, making feasible and extending the treatment to areas of partial edentulism [11]. Generally, the use of standard diameter or large diameter implants is recommended in order to ensure adequate bone-implant contact, with a space of 2 - 3 mm between the implant surface and the natural collateral root surface. However, the smaller mesiodistal diameter of certain anterior teeth or the thinness of the bony ridge does not always allow for such implants to be placed. In these circumstances, narrow-diameter implants have been shown to be an effective option.
Delgado et al. [12] evaluated the insertion torque, the amount of deformation, and the characteristic pattern of distortion experienced by narrow dental implants (3.3 mm and 3.5 mm) and different internal connections designs after their insertion in artificial Type II bone, concluding that correct implant handling and proper implant bed preparation are essential to a reduction in deformation and the release of titanium particles in the implant index during the insertion of narrow implants. With the introduction of grade 5 titanium implants is was possible to reduce deformation and to achieve more predictability in the long-term results of oral rehabilitation using narrow implants [13]. In a study of 40 patients requiring a single-implant crown in the anterior or premolar regions, titanium-zirconium 3.3 mm diameter implants not differ from titanium 4.1 mm diameter regarding the clinical performance over a 3-year period [14]. Moreover, in a comparison of two commercially available narrow-diameter implants, 3.5 and 2.9 mm, for their performances under axial and oblique loading in simulated situations of all-on-4 treatment, both implants showed a similar biomechanical behavior [15]. However, despite a lower risk of peri-implant bone loss, the 3.5-mm model had higher peak stress on implants and abutments than the 2.9-mm model [15]. Thus, narrow implants up to 2.8 mm in diameter are not associated with any structural risk as compared to standard diameter implants [16].
A number of studies published in the literature have provided evidence of the usefulness of narrow-diameter implants in different clinical indications compared to standard diameter implants [6] [17] [18] [19] [20]. Also, narrow-diameter implants could be considered for use with fixed restorations and mandibular overdentures, since their success rate appears to be comparable to that of regular diameter implants [21]. Arisan et al. [22] performed a study to evaluate clinical outcome, success and survival rates, changes in bone level, mechanical and prosthetic complications after loading of the narrow implants through clinical follow-up for 5 - 10 years. They concluded that narrow implants can be used with confidence where a regular diameter implant is not convenient. The loss of marginal bone in narrow implants occurred predominantly during the two years of loading and after that period the loss was minimal.
Both implants with a reduced diameter (between 3 and 3.5 mm) and implants with an extra-small diameter (<3 mm) have been used in definitive rehabilitation treatments in the anterior maxilla and mandible, and are available in 2 (implant and prosthetic component) and can be loaded conventionally or immediately. In our patient, two extra-narrow-diameter implants of 2.8 mm diameter were placed between elements 11 and 14 because type III bone with little thickness prevented to place a 3.5 mm implant.
Narrow-diameter implants have been used to restore limited spaces in the anterior esthetic zones. In a consecutive case series with 3 to 14 years follow-up, 19 narrow-diameter implants placed in 14 patients, no implant failures or prosthetic complications were reported, yielding a 100% survival rate and an 84.2% success rate, with all patients reporting that they were very satisfied with the esthetic results [23]. A clinical and radiological follow-up of narrow-diameter implants (3.0 - 3.3 mm) replacing maxillary laterals and mandibular incisors, good function and implant survival of 97.2% was reported, but the two main patient concerns were discoloration and regression of the buccal gingiva [24]. In a meta-analysis of 29 studies with 3048 narrow-diameter implants (3.0 and 3.25 mm), satisfactory survival rates of around 95% and little marginal bone resorption of around 0.5 mm after a mean follow-up of 3 years were found [25]. In addition, a meta-analysis of 892 narrow-diameter implants placed in the anterior region in 736 patients, with a mean follow-up of 40 months, showed a mean success rate of 95.2% [26]. On the other hand, surface characteristics (TiUnite) have been identified as a risk factor for failure in narrow-diameter implants in the maxillary anterior region [27].
4. Conclusion
The findings of the present case indicate that insertion of extra-narrow-diameter implants of 2.8 mm in the maxillary anterior region is a reliable option in a patient with absence of elements 12 and 13, restoring masticatory function and aesthetics in the upper arch.
Acknowledgements
The authors thank Marta Pulido, MD, PhD, for editing the manuscript and editorial assistance.
Authors’ Contributions
CFM performed the review of the literature, the data collection and writing of the article. MAAC, PGPS, ISB, and JLSP performed surgery and treated the patient, and a review of the article. JJC performed a review of the article and orientation of the work. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
Funding
None.
Availability of Data and Materials
Data sharing is not applicable to this article as no datasets were generated or analyzed during the current study.
Ethics Approval and Consent to Participate
The requirements of good clinical practice were observed, and the patient gave informed consent for surgical and rehabilitation procedures.
Consent for Publication
Not applicable.