A Chain-Based Routing Protocol to Maximize the Lifetime of Wireless Sensor Networks

Mourad Hadjila, Hervé Guyennet, Mohammed Feham

LIFC UFR ST, Besan?on Cedex, France.
Tlemcen STIC Laboratory, Abou-Bakr Belka?d University, Tlemcen, Algeria.

DOI: 10.4236/wsn.2013.55014                

Abstract

Energy conservation is a key issue in the design of systems based on wireless sensor networks. Clustering routing protocols have been developed in order to reduce the network traffic toward the sink and therefore prolong the network lifetime. An alternative of clustering is to build chains instead of clusters. In this context, we propose a routing protocol for Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN). It is based on constructing multiple chains in the direction of the sink. The first node of each chain sends data to the closest node in the same chain. This latter collects, aggregates and transmits data to the next closest node. This process repeats until reaching the last node, which aggregates and transmits data directly to the sink. An improvement of this approach is proposed. It works as follows: In addition to forming multiple chains as previously, it constructs a main chain, which includes leader node of each chain. Since, initially all main chain nodes have the same amount of power, the nearest node to the sink aggregates data from others then transmits it to the sink. In the next transmission, main chain node having the higher residual energy performs this task. Compared with the first approach, simulation results show that improvement approach consumes less energy and effectively extends the network lifetime.

Keywords

Wireless Sensor Networks; Chain; Energy Conservation; Lifetime

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

References

[1]	C. Li, H. Zhang, B. Hao and J. Li, “A Survey on Routing Protocols for Large-Scale Wireless Sensor Networks,” Sensors, Vol. 11, No. 4, 2011, pp. 3498-3526. doi:10.3390/s110403498
[2]	I. F. Akyildiz, W. Su, Y. Sankarasubramaniam and E. Cayirci, “Wireless Sensor Networks: A Survey,” Computer Networks (Elsevier), Vol. 38, No. 4, 2002, pp. 393-422. doi:10.1016/S1389-1286(01)00302-4
[3]	G. Anastasi, M. Conti, M. Di Francesco and A. Passarella, “Energy Conservation in Wireless Sensor Networks: A Survey,” Elsevier, Ad Hoc Networks, Vol. 7, No. 3, 2009, pp. 537-568. doi:10.1016/j.adhoc.2008.06.003
[4]	J. Hill and D. Culler, “A Wireless Embedded Sensor Architecture for System Level Optimization,” International Research IRB-TR-02-00N, 2002.
[5]	G. Anastasi, M. Conti, M. Di Francesco and A. Passarella, “How to Prolong the Lifetime of Wireless Sensor Networks,” In: M. Denko and L. Yang, Eds., Mobile Ad Hoc and Pervasive Communications, American Scientific Publishers, CRC Press, Boca Raton, 2011. http://info.iet.unipi.it/~anastasi/papers/Yang.pdf
[6]	S. Bandyopadhyay and E. Coyle, “An Energy-Efficient Hierarchical Clustering Algorithm for Wireless Sensor Networks,” 22nd Annual Joint Conference of the IEEE Computer and Communications (INFOCOM 2003), San Francisco, 30 March-3 April 2003, pp. 1713-1723.
[7]	S. Banerjee and S. Khuller, “A Clustering Scheme for Hierarchical Control in Multi-Hop Wireless Networks,” 20th Annual Joint Conference of the IEEE Computer and Communications Societies (INFOCOM 2001), Anchorage, 22-26 April 2001, pp. 1028-1037.
[8]	A. Boukerche, R. W. Pazzi and R. B. Araujo, “Fault-Tolerant Wireless Sensor Network Routing Protocols for the Supervision of Context-Aware Physical Environments,” Journal of Parallel and Distributed Computing, Vol. 66, No. 4, 2006, pp. 586-599. doi:10.1016/j.jpdc.2005.12.007
[9]	A. Boukerche and A. Martirosyan, “An Energy-Aware and Fault Tolerant Inter-Cluster Communication Based Protocol for Wireless Sensor Networks,” Global Telecommunications Conference (GLOBECOM’07), Washington, 26-30 November 2007, pp. 1164-1168.
[10]	W. Heinzelman, A. Chandrakasan and H. Balakrishnan, “Energy-Efficient Communication Protocols for Wireless Sensor Networks,” Proceedings of the 33rd Annual Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences (HICSS), Hawaii, 4-7 January 2000, pp. 3005-3014. doi:10.1109/HICSS.2000.926982
[11]	A. Manjeshwar and D. P. Agrawal, “TEEN: A Routing Protocol for Enhanced Efficiency in Wireless Sensor Networks,” 15th Conference on Parallel and Distributed Processing Symposium, San Francisco, 23-27 April 2000, pp. 2009-2015.
[12]	A. Manjeshwar and D. P. Agrawal, “APTEEN: A Hybrid Protocol for Efficient Routing and Comprehensive Information Retrieval in Wireless Sensor Networks,” 2nd International Workshop on Parallel and Distributed Computing Issues in Wireless Networks and Mobile Computing, Ft. Lauderdale, 15-19 April 2002, pp. 195-202.
[13]	A. M, A. Boukerche and R. W. Nelem Pazzi, “A Taxonomy of Cluster-Based Routing Protocols for Wireless Sensor Networks,” IEEE International Symposium on Parallel Architectures, Algorithms, and Networks, Sydney, 7-9 May 2008, pp. 247-253.
[14]	S. Lindsey and C. S. Raghavendra, “PEGASIS: Power Efficient Gathering in Sensor Information Systems,” Proceedings of the IEEE Aerospace Conference, Vol. 3, Big Sky, 2002, pp. 1125-1130.
[15]	H. O. Tan and I. Korpeoglu, “Power Efficient Data Gathering and Aggregation in Wireless Sensor Networks,” ACM SIGMOD, Vol. 32, No. 4, 2003, pp. 66-71. doi:10.1145/959060.959072
[16]	Y. Yu and Y. Song, “An Energy-Efficient Chain-Based Routing Protocol in Wireless Sensor Network,” International Conference on Computer Application and System Modeling (ICCASM), Taiyuan, 22-24 October 2010, pp. 486-489.
[17]	W. Guo, W. Zhang and Gang Lu, “PEGASIS Protocol in Wireless Sensor Network Based on an Improved Ant Colony Algorithm,” 2nd International Workshop on Education Technology and Computer Science, Wuhan, 6-7 March 2010, pp. 64-67.
[18]	Y. L. Chen, J. S. Lin, Y. F. Huang, F. K. Cheung and J. Y. Lin, “Energy Efficiency of a Chain-Based Scheme with Intra-Grid in Wireless Sensor Networks,” International Symposium on Computer, Communication, Control and Automation, Tainan, 5-7 May 2010, pp. 484-487.
[19]	W. Linping and C. Zhen, “Improved Algorithm of PEGASIS Protocol Introducing Double Cluster Heads in Wireless Sensor Network,” International Conference on Computer, Mechatronics, Control and Electronic Engineering (CMCE), Changchun, 24-26 August 2010, pp. 148-151. doi:10.1109/CMCE.2010.5609618