Associated Factors with Prolonged Stay in Pediatric Observation Ward of Urban University Hospital in Thailand ()
1. Introduction
Pediatric observation ward (OW) is the area where the patient can be monitored or have early investigation/management and observe part of emergency department (ED); patients are admitted to this area with an expectation of stay and discharge within 24 hours [1] [2] [3]. Some children need to be observed for a period of time before deciding based on the severity and progression of patient’s condition for appropriate management, thus the observation ward was beneficial in preventing avoidable hospitalizations. Some studies evaluate the used of pediatric OW by pediatric ED for common pediatric illness, such as croup, asthma, gastroenteritis, dehydration, poisoning and seizure [4]. Confined to respiratory problem, including croup, the OW can be prevent admission to inpatient ward which rate of transfer patient from OW to ward ranges from 1.3% - 5.6% [5] [6] [7]. The OW can be reduced the high volume of patients in ED, OW increasing demands, overcrowding, and prolonged stay [8] [9] [10]. There have study of the utility of the benefit and characteristic from other country [11] [12] [13] [14]. There are not many pediatric OWs in Thailand, and then the utility of Pediatric OW is not wild report. Length of stay (LOS) is one of the most common used for OW outcome measurement [15]. One study was showed that the LOS is one of the most common indicators for measuring the ED performance [16]. The prolonged stay in OW may be associated with patients’ dissatisfaction, decreased efficacy, premature departure and adverse patient outcome [17]. There have been studies reporting the predictor associated with LOS in OW [18] [19] [20]. Therefore, the objective of this study to report the characteristics of pediatric OW and examine factors associated with prolonged OW stay (LOS > 24 hours) in the pediatric OW of an urban university hospital in Thailand.
2. Methods
2.1. Participants
This is a retrospective study of children 15 years or younger who admit to Pediatric OW at Faculty of Medicine Ramathibodi Hospital, Bangkok, Thailand during January 2014 to June 2015. Ramathibodi Hospital is the urban university hospital composed of 1500 beds. We have around 200 beds for pediatric. The annual ED pediatric visit rate is about 12,000 cases per year [21]. The pediatric OW has 12 beds. The Pediatric OW admitted patient ages more than 1 month until 15 years old. The criteria of admission based on patients’ condition that not required the intensive care can be admit and the decision making; weather admit to inpatient ward or discharge will decided within 24 hours. The data were corrected from medical record of patients who admitted in OW. The demographic data of patients were collected included: age, sex, diagnosis, LOS, disposition (admit to inpatient ward or discharge).
2.2. Statistical Analysis
The sample characteristic was described using percent, mean, and SD for continuous variables. The categorized variable were compared and determined by Chi-square test. Mann-Whitney U test were used for compare the differences between two independence groups, and the differences of more than two groups were used Kruskal-Wallis one-way ANOVA test. All statistical analyses were performed using SPSS version 17.0 (IBM cooperation, Armonk, New York).
2.3. Ethical Consideration
This study was performed with approval from the Institutional review Board (IRB) of Faculty of Medicine Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand.
3. Results
There were 670 patients admitted at OW during the study period. The most common top 5 diagnosis were respiratory problem (32%), gastrointestinal problem (29%), infectious disease (11%), neurological (7%), and dental problem (6%) (Table 1). The characteristic of patients were showed in Table 2. Fifty three percent were male, age of patients range from 3 month to 20 years and overall mean length of stay in OW was 61 hours. Most of patients were directly admitted from Emergency room (49%). After admit at OW, the majority of patients were discharge home 602/670 cases (90%), and 10% (68/670 cases) were admit to inpatient ward (p < 0.001) (Table 2). There were 552 patients (82%) had prolong OW more than 24 hour. Compare the factors in both group, we found that the associated factor for prolong OW stay was the age of patient, seem to be younger in the prolonged stay group (median age of 4.25 years versus 3.42 years, p = 0.04) respectively (Table 2). We further analysis by age group distribution into age group less than 1 year, 1 - 5 years, 5 - 10 years, 10 - 15 years and more than 15 years. The result found that younger patient was factor associate with prolonged stay in OW (p < 0.001) (Table 3).
4. Discussion
Our study explores the characteristic and factors associated with prolong length of stay (LOS > 24 hours) in the pediatric observation ward. There were 670 patients admitted at OW during the study period. The overall LOS in OW in previous study [22] report median LOS of 8.4 hours and range of LOS between 12 -
* Include viral pneumonia, acute bronchitis, and acute asthmatic attack; ** Include viral intestinal infection and acute gastroenteritis.
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Table 2. Characteristic and compared Length of Stay (LOS) less than 24 hours and more than 24 hours. Emergency Department (ED), Outpatient department (OPD).
(a) Chi-square test, (b) Mann-Whitney U test.
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Table 3. Compare age group distribution and Length of Stay (LOS) less than 24 hours and more than 24 hours.
*Kruskal-Wallis one-way ANOVA.
23 hours, compare to our study report mean LOS of OW was 61 hours, which longer than previous study. This maybe explain by the utilization purpose of our OW was different from previous study that admit all patient from ED. For our study, the patient whom admit to OW can come from other department apart from ED, such as pediatric outpatient department (OPD) including patient schedule for procedure, or from general ward that had overcrowding of the bed. Therefore, some conditions or illness of patients need to observe or treatment more than 24 hours in OW. The most common diagnosis in patient of our study were respiratory problem including viral pneumonia, acute bronchitis, and acute asthmatic attack follow by gastrointestinal problem(viral intestinal infection and acute gastroenteritis) which are total of 61% of all diagnosis. These are the same categorized of illness [4] [23] which are respiratory and gastrointestinal system for the common pediatric illness that admits to OW. The majority of patients were discharge home 602/670 cases (90%), which are the same tend of previous study [23] and 10% (68/670 cases) were admit to inpatient ward. There were 552 patients (82%) had prolong OW more than 24 hours. Compare to the previous study [24] that LOS greater than 24 hours was 31.3%. To explore the cause of this finding, we compare the factors for prolong LOS in both group, and found that the associated factor for prolong OW stay was the age of patient which seem to be younger in the prolonged stay group (median age of 4.25 years versus 3.42 years, p = 0.04) (Table 2). We explore more specific in age group by categorized age group distribution into group of age less than 1 year, 1 - 5 years, 5 - 10 years, 10 - 15 years and more than 15 years (Table 3). The result show that, age of patient was not the factor in group of patient that stay in OW less than 24 hours (p = 0.76), whereas in the group of prolonged stay more than 24 hours, age of patient was the significant factors for prolonged stay in OW (p < 0.001). Due to the criteria for admit to our OW that the age of patient should older than 1 month, therefore, maybe difficult to compare to previous study [24] that OW can admit patient age less than 1 month. But the result of subgroup analysis for age group distribution (Table 3) shows the same trend of previous study [24] that more younger age was the factor for prolong OW stay by compare to age group less than 28 days; with the age group 28 days to 3 month (OR 1.87) and the age group of 3 month to 12 month (OR 1.83) respectively. This result leads to the same direction that the younger patient associated with prolonged stay in observation ward.
5. Conclusion
This was the report of factor of prolonged stay in pediatric OW. The younger patient was the associated factor for prolonged stay in OW. Understanding this related issue will be the starting points for assessment patients carefully before admitting to OW for improving efficiency and quality of care in pediatric OW.
6. Limitations
This is the single institution and short period of study. The result of this study maybe does not reflex to the overall of OW across country. Multicenter and longer period of study should be done in the future.