Vertebral Bone Drilling (Puncture) Attenuates the Intractable Pain Due to Vertebral Fractures without Collapse ()
Received 10 January 2016; accepted 24 April 2016; published 27 April 2016
1. Introduction
Osteoporotic vertebral fractures (VFs) with no sign of vertebral collapse do exist about 20% [1] . The evaluation of the osteoporotic occult VFs is difficult due to the unapparent radiographic findings [2] . Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is an important diagnosis tool for the osteoporotic VFs without collapse. The typical MRI findings in acute compression fracture are hypointensity T1-weighted images, hyperintensity or heterogeneous intensity on T2-weighted images, and hyperintensity on fat-suppressed T2-weighted images [3] .
Most of the osteoporotic VFs are asymptomatic or minimally symptomatic [4] . The standard treatment for painful VFs consists of conservative medical therapy utilizing analgesics, bed rest, and external bracing. Symptoms typically improve within 4 to 6 weeks [5] . While approximately two-thirds of patients with osteoporotic VFs will respond to conservative therapy alone, a third of the patients managed with conservative medical therapy may not improve and will require alternative treatment [6] . 10% of the patients will require hospitalization for intractable pain due to VFs [7] . If substantial pain persists after 4 to 8 weeks of nonoperative therapy, interventional therapy like percutaneous vertebroplasty (PVP) and balloon kyphoplasty (BKP) can be considered.
Both PVP and BKP had significant improvement in pain and functional activity after the interventional therapy for painful osteoporotic occult VFs similar to painful osteoporotic VFs with collapse [8] .
Yamamoto et al. reported that vertebral bone drilling (BD), which means the PVP without bone cement, attenuated the pain and the back pain related disability like the PVP [9] . We design this study for the assessment of vertebral BD for the pain induced by osteoporotic occult VFs.
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Participants
Consecutive patients presenting to the pain clinic for painful vertebral compression fractures were screened for enrollment between January 2014 and December 2015. We obtained institutional review board approval and informed consent for all patients. Inclusion criteria were the following: 1) age > 65 years, 2) 1 osteoporotic fracture or more, 3) pain score of at least 5 of 10, 4) ability to give informed consent. We excluded the patients if they had an infectious disease, tumor involvement of the vertebral bone, diagnosis of multiple myelomas.
53 patients with VFs treated with vertebral BD were retrospectively analyzed. All patients have taken MRI including T1/T2-weighted images and short tau inversion recovery (STIR) sequences. MRI (T1 and STIR sequences) showed bone marrow edema (BME) in all fresh fracture. We evaluated the acute VFs by semiquantitative (SQ) method [10] . Grade 1 in SQ method was defined as 20% - 25% decrease in the height of the vertebral body and 10% - 20% reduction in the area of the vertebral body. We measured the vertebral height at the anterior wall (A), central position (C), and posterior wall (P). If A/P ≥ 0.9, C/A ≥ 0.9, and C/P ≥ 0.9, the change area of the vertebral body is within 10%. We classified the VFs as grade 0 which mean the occult VFs.
We enrolled 18 of 53 patients, whose VFs were all grade0 in SQ method, treated vertebral BD in this study.
2.2. Collection of Baseline Variables
Baseline data collection included age, gender, weight, height and the duration in the hospital. Outcome measures collected at baseline included a 0 - 10 rating of average pain (NRS) during 24 hours, and ADL was evaluated using the following 5-point scale: 1) bedridden and total assistance; 2) mostly bedridden and able to sit on the bed; 3) needing a wheelchair for movement; 4) able to walk with a stick; 5) complete independence.
2.3. Procedural Characteristics
We escorted the patients to a fluoroscopy room after screening and written informed consent. All procedures were performed under strict aseptic conditions. Patients placed decubitus posture on the fluoroscopy table. We used fluoroscopy for localization of the vertebral bodies. A 1-inch 25-gauge needle used to raise a wheel of 1% lidocaine subcutaneously. A 12-cm 22-gauge block needle placed into the skin at the site of the wheel and advanced under fluoroscopic guidance to the periosteum over the pedicle (Figure 1). After infiltration with 1ml of 1% lidocaine at the spots, we drilled vertebral bones until the bone marrow. When the cortex was penetrated, the marrow was aspirated from an attached syringe. A small account of contrast medium injected to verify that the needle tip was within the marrow. After stopping backflow from the needle, we removed the needle. We compressed the wound for several minutes.
2.4. Outcome Measures and Analysis
We assessed primary outcome measures in the NRS scores (average during the past 24-hours) and ADL scores
![]()
Figure 1. Pedicle approach and the position of the needle tip.
at the discharge day from the hospital. Comparisons were made by using Wilcoxon rank sum test. Descriptive statistics determined by calculation of the mean and standard deviation (SD). Results presented as mean ± SD, and statistical significance defined as p < 0.05.
3. Results
3.1. Patient Factors
A total of 18 patients with 28 osteoporotic occult VFs were enrolled in this study. The patient’s characteristics are shown in Table 1. Eight patients had one osteoporotic VF. 10 patients had two osteoporotic VFs, the levels treated were two L1, one L2, seven L3, eight L4, ten L5.
3.2. Improvement in Function and Pain after Vertebral BD
Among the 18 patients enrolled in this study, NSR and ADL scores at the baseline data and the discharge day from the hospital are presented in Table 2. There were significant improvements in average NRS score during 24 hours compared with baseline (p < 0.0002). A significant improvement was noted in the ADL scores at the discharge day compared with baseline (p < 0.0001).
4. Discussion
Intervention therapy like PVP and BKP became a popular treatment for symptomatic VFs [5] . Vertos II [11] and FREE trial [12] , which compared PVP or BKP to traditional conventional management, show the efficacy of PVP and BKP for painful VFs. On the contrary, Two independent placebo-controlled RCT studies [13] [14] found PVP to be equivalent to a sham intervention. The sham procedure was simulated the PVP without injection of cement. The two groups were a similar reduction in pain and improvements in back pain-related disability in acute and chronic phase. Buchbinder R. et al. [15] found no demonstrable clinically useful benefits compare with a sham procedure and open trials comparing PVP and BKP with usual conservative care are likely to have overestimated any benefit of PVP and BKP. They recommend that patients should be informed about both the lack of high-quality evidence supporting the merit of PVP and BKP and its potential for harm.
Kohashi et al. [16] reported that vertebral body decompression (puncture) which means the PVP without cement decreased the pain and improved the back pain-related disability. On the contrary, periosteum vertebral infiltration of local anesthetics did not reduce the intractable pain due to vertebral compression fracture [17] . These reports show us vertebral BD is essential for attenuation of the pain due to vertebral compression fractures.
![]()
Table 1. Patient’s characteristics.
![]()
Table 2. Improvement in Function and pain after vertebral BD.
BD, Bone Drilling; NRS, Numerous Rating Scale; ADL, Activity of Daily Life.
Vertebral body puncture, which is similar to BD, is a minimally invasive therapy compared with PVP and BKP [18] . While it is important the position of the needle placement and viscosity of the cement to reduce the risk of cement leakage in PVP and BKP, the position of the needle tip for BD is enough in the margin of the vertebral body because of no need to cement injection. In our experience [19] , we performed the unilateral technique using a transpedicular approach and used a 22-gauge needle in BD. Bilateral technique and thick needles (8 - 13- gauge) are often used in PVP and BKP. Hence, BP is a minimally invasive therapy to treat painful osteoporotic VFs compared with PVP and BKP. Probable complications of BD are hemorrhage, infection, dural puncture, nerve damage, ectopic tissue injury, and fracture. We did not experience any adverse effect in our study.
Vertebral bone bruise (VBB), also known as trabecular microfractures, is defined on MRI as BME without the associated fracture of the cortex [20] . At a follow-up of 19 months study, VBB with vertebral fracture does not appear to cause significant progressive vertebral deformity, and 3 of 30 VFs in 18 patients remained no collapse [21] . A follow-up the study of Pham T et al. (1), 4 of 21 VFs in 16 patients remained normal. Other paper [22] reported 5 of 95 VFs in 34 patients was occult VFs
Intervertebral cement infusion like PVP and BKP exerts analgesic effect and the resolution of vertebral deformities [23] . However, in those without vertebral mobility like occult VFs, the analgesic effects of PVP are the same regardless of bone cement infusion [24] . There are some perioperative and postoperative adverse events associate with both PVP and BKP, such as systemic cement leakage, cement embolism, pulmonary embolism, spinal cord compression [25] . The incident of procedure-related complications of PVP and BKP, such as bone cement leakage, pulmonary embolism, and so on, does not happen in BD because of no injection of bone cement.
Elderly patients suffering from osteoporotic VFs prefer to accept a minimally invasive therapy, because of their frail physical status and morbid medical conditions. Appropriate patient selection, pre-procedural evaluation, and meticulous attention to proper technique are important to achieve good outcomes and minimized complications. The patients suffering from osteoporotic VFs without collapse are preferred to BD, which is a minimally invasive therapy compare with PVP and BKP.
5. Conclusion
Vertebral BD at the site of painful vertebral VFs without collapse attenuated the acute intractable pain and improved in the pain-related disability due to osteoporotic VFs.
Abbreviations
VFs: Vertebral Fractures
NRS: Numerical Rating Scale
ADL: Activity of Daily Life
MRI: Magnetic Resonance Imaging
PVP: Percutaneous Vertebroplasty
BKP: Balloon Kyphoplasty
BD: Bone Drilling
STIR: Short Tau Inversion Recovery
BME: Bone Marrow Edema
SQ: Semiquantitative
SD: Standard Deviation
RCT: Randomized Controlled Trial
VBB: Vertebral Bone Bruise