Investigation of the Biochemical and Histological Changes Induced by Zearalenone Mycotoxin on Liver in Male Mice and the Protective Role of Crude Venom Extracted from Jellyfish Cassiopea Andromeda
Madeha Al-Seeni, Nagwa El-Sawi, Soad Shaker, Asma Al-Amoudi
.
DOI: 10.4236/fns.2011.24045   PDF    HTML     5,801 Downloads   12,242 Views   Citations

Abstract

Zearalenone (ZEN) is a non steroidal estrogenic mycotoxin produced by Fusarium species of fungi which contaminate human foods and animal feeds worldwide. In this study hepatotoxicity of ZEN was evaluated in mice by oral adminis-tration of single and repeated doses of ZEN mycotoxin (2.7 mg/kg b.w.). The protective effect of crude venom extracted from jellyfish Cassiopea andromeda was also assessed. Mice were divided into four groups (N = 10). G1: receiving the toxin once and sacrificed 48 h later, G2: toxin administered twice for one week, G3: toxin administered twice a week for two weeks, G4: pretreated orally by a single dose of crude venom (1.78 mg/20g) 24 hours prior to administration of ZEN twice a week for two weeks. Each treated group had its corresponding control which received 1% DMSO sa-line.ZEN treatment significantly increased alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartateaminotrnsferase (AST) and alka-line phosphatase (ALP) activities after 48 hours and two weeks, while ALT was also significantly increased after one week. Tumor necrosis factoralpha (TNF-α) level was undetected in treated and control groups except the group treated with ZEN for one week. Alphafetoprotein (AFP) level was increased significantly only after two weeks. The activity of antioxidants was significantly increased in all groups. ZEN was also found to modify the serum proteins especially gamma-globulin which showed a significant decrease after 48 h and two weeks. Improvement in liver func-tion occurred in the group pretreated with the crude venom, and AFP and antioxidants returned to normal level, while TNF-α level was also undetected. Gamma globulin was significantly increased. The recovery observed in the group which was pretreated with crude venom may related to bradykinin content of this venom which exhibits a hepatoprotective effect. Histological changes in mouse liver coincided with biochemical changes. In conclusion, this study revealed that ZEN induced liver function and structural changes promising an approach for using a crude venom of jellyfish to enhance liver function.

Share and Cite:

M. Al-Seeni, N. El-Sawi, S. Shaker and A. Al-Amoudi, "Investigation of the Biochemical and Histological Changes Induced by Zearalenone Mycotoxin on Liver in Male Mice and the Protective Role of Crude Venom Extracted from Jellyfish Cassiopea Andromeda," Food and Nutrition Sciences, Vol. 2 No. 4, 2011, pp. 314-322. doi: 10.4236/fns.2011.24045.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

References

[1] J. W. Bennet and M. Klich, “Mycotoxins,” Clinical Microbiology, Vol. 16, No. 3, 2003, pp. 497-516.
[2] J. K. Miller, A. Hacking, J. Harrison and V. J. Gross, “Stillbirths, Neonatalmortality and Small Litters in Pigs Associated with the Ingestion of Fusarium Toxin by Pregnant Sows,” Veterinary Record, Vol. 93, No. 21, 1973, pp. 555-559. doi:10.1136/vr.93.21.555
[3] C. J. Mirocha, S. V. Pathre, B. Schauerhamer and C. M. Christensen, “Natural Occurrence of Fusarium Toxins in Feedstuffs,” Applied and Environmental Microbiology Vol. 32, No. 4, 1976, pp. 553-556.
[4] B. J. Blaney, R. C. Bloomfield and C. J. Moore, “Zearalenone Intoxication of Pigs,” Australian Veterinary Jour- nal, Vol. 61, No. 1, 1984, pp. 24-27. doi:10.1111/j.1751-0813.1984.tb07126.x
[5] P. Szuetz, A. Mesterhazy, G. Y. Falkay and T. Bartyok, “Early Telearchesymptoms in Children and Their Relations to Zearalenone Contamination in Food Stuffs, Cereals,” Cereal Research Communications, Vol. 25, 1997, pp. 429-436.
[6] T. Kuiper-Goodman, P. M. Scott and H. Watanabe, “Risk Assessment of the Mycotoxin Zearalenone,” Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology, Vol. 7, No. 3, 1987, pp. 253-306. doi:10.1016/0273-2300(87)90037-7
[7] M. Weidenborner, “Encyclopedia of Food Mycotoxins,” Springer, Berlin, 2001.
[8] National Toxicology Program, “NTP Carcinogenesis Bioassay of Zearalenone in F344/N Rats and F6C3F1 Mice,” Technical Report Series No. 235, Department of Health and Human Resources, Research Triangle Park, 1982.
[9] B. R. Rich and P. A.Cheras, “The Blue Jellyfish—A Promising Autoimmune Stimulant,” 2009. https://rirdc.infoservices.com.au/downloads/09-035.pdf.au/downloads/09-035.pdf
[10] J. W. Burnett and G. J. Calton, “Sea Nettle and Man O’War Venoms: A Clinical Comparison of Their Venoms and Studies on Their Stings,” Journal of Investigative Dermatology, Vol. 62, 1974, pp. 372-377. doi:10.1111/1523-1747.ep12701635
[11] S. Abu-Amra and S. A. A. Elrehim, “Stimulation of Some Enzymes and Cellularproliferation by: Factors Separated from Scorpion and Jellyfish,” Journal of the Egyptian German Society of Zoology, Vol. 31, 2000, pp. 273-287.
[12] F. F. Y. Radwan, J. W. Burnett, D. A. Bloom, T. Coliano, M. E. Eldefrawi, H. Erderly, L. Aurelian, M. Torres and E. P. Heimer-de la Cotera, “A Comparison of the Toxinological Characteristics of Two Cassiopea and Aurelia Species,” Toxicon, Vol. 39, No. 2-3, 2001, pp. 245-257. doi:10.1016/S0041-0101(00)00121-5
[13] S. A. Abdel-Rehim, “Influence of Extracted Crude Venom of Jellyfish Cassiopea Andromeda on Healing of Experimental Gastric Ulcers in Mice,” Journal of the Egyptian German Society of Zoology, Vol. 48, 2005, pp. 257-278.
[14] S. C. Lu and H. Y. Huang, “Comparison of Sulphur Ami- no Acid Utilization for GSH Synthesis between HepG2 Cells and Cultured Rat Hepatocytes,” Biochemical Phar- macology, Vol. 47, No. 5, 1994, pp. 859-869. doi:10.1016/0006-2952(94)90486-3
[15] C. Urani, M. Doldi, S. Crippa and M. Camatini, “Human-Derived Cell Lines Tostudy Xenobiotic Metabolism,” Chemosphere, Vol. 37, No. 14-15, 1998, pp. 2785- 2895. doi:10.1016/S0045-6535(98)00321-X
[16] N. M. El-Sawi, “Effect of Jellyfish Crude Venom on Liver, Thyroid and Harderian Glands of Female Mice,” Journal of Applied Animal Research, Vol. 22, 2002, pp. 97-104.
[17] H. B. Waynforth, “Experimental Animal and Surgical Te- chnique in the Rat,” Academic Press Inc., Cambridge, 1980.
[18] R. A. Drury and E. A. Wallington, “Calton’s Histological Technique,” Oxfortd University Press, Oxford, 1980.
[19] L. L. Charmley, A. Rosenberg and H. L. Trenholm, “Factors Responsible Foreconomic Losses Due to Fusarium Mycotoxin Contamination of Grains, Foods and Feedstuffs,” In: J. D. Miller and H. L. Trenholm, Eds., Mycotoxins in Grain: Compounds Other than Aflatoxin, The AmericanAssociation of Cereal Chemists, Inc., Saint Paul, 1994, pp. 471-486.
[20] J. F. Zilva and P. R. Pannall, “Clinical Chemistry in Diagnosis and Treatment,” Lloyd-Luke Ltd., London, 1973.
[21] K. Maaroufi, L. Chekir, E. E. Creppy, F. Ellouz and H. Bacha, “Zearalenone Induces Modification of Haematological and Biochemical Parameters in Rats,” Toxicon, Vol. 34, No. 5, 1996, pp. 535-540. doi:10.1016/0041-0101(96)00008-6
[22] E. ?onKová, A. Laciaková, B. Pástorová, H. Seidel and G. Ková?, “The Effect of Zearalenone on Some Enzymatic Parameters in Rabbits,” Toxicology Letters, Vol. 121, No. 3, 2001, pp. 145-149. doi:10.1016/S0378-4274(01)00312-5
[23] S. Sell, K. L. Xu, W. E. Huff, L. F. Kabena, R. B. Harvey and H. A. Dunsford, “Aflatoxin Exposure Produces Serum Alphafetoprotein Elevations and Mrked Oval Cell Proliferation in Young Male Pekin Ducklings,” Pathology, Vol. 30, No. 1, 1998, pp. 34-39. doi:10.1080/00313029800169645
[24] M. A. Abdel-Wahhab, H. H. Ahmed and M. M. Hagazi, “Prevention of Aflatoxin B1-Initiated Hepatotoxicity in Rat by Marine Algae Extracts,” Journal of Applied Toxicology, Vol. 26, No. 3, 2006, pp. 229-238. doi:10.1002/jat.1127
[25] J. D. Yager and J. R. Yager, “Oral Contraceptive Steroids as Promoters of Hepatocarcinogenesis in Female Sprague-Dawley Rats,” Cancer Research, Vol. 40, 1980, pp. 3680-3685.
[26] A. E. M. Vickers and G. W. Lucier, “Estrogen Receptor, Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor and Cellularploidy in Elutriated Subpopulations of Hepatocytes during Liver Tumor Promotion by 17 Ethinylestradiol in Rats,” Carcinogenesis, Vol. 12, No. 3, 1993, pp. 391-399. doi:10.1093/carcin/12.3.391
[27] C. A. Bradham, J. Plümpe, M. P. Manns, D. A. Brenner and C. Trautwein, “Mechanisms of Hepatic Toxicity I. TNF-Induced Liver Injury,” American Journal of Physiology-Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology, Vol. 275, No. 3, 1998, pp. G387-G392.
[28] P. Rawlins, T. Mandera, R. Sadeghia, S. Hilla, G. Gammona, B. Foxwellf, S. Wrigleya and M. Moore, “Inhibition of Endotoxin-Induced TNF-a Production in Macrophages by 5Z-7-Oxo-Zeaenol and Other Fungal Resorcylic Acid Lactones,” International Journal of Immunopharmacology, Vol. 21, No. 12, 1999, pp. 799-814. doi:10.1016/S0192-0561(99)00047-8
[29] R. P. Sharma, Q. He, V. J. Johnson and K. A. Voss, “Increased Expression of CD95-Ligand and Other Apoptotic Signaling Factors by Fumonisin B1, a Hepatotoxic Mycotoxin, in Livers of Mice Lacking Tumor Necrosis Factor Alpha,” Cytokine, Vol. 24, No. 5, 2003, pp. 226-236. doi:10.1016/j.cyto.2003.08.009
[30] J. H. Kouadio, T. A. Mobio, I. Baudrimont, S. Moukha, S. D. Dano and E. E. Creppy, “Comparative Study of Cytotoxicity and Oxidative Stress Induced by Deoxynivalenol, Zearalenone or Fumonisin B1 in Human Intestinal Cell Line Caco-2,” Toxicology, Vol. 213, No. 1-2, 2005, pp. 56-65. doi:10.1016/j.tox.2005.05.010
[31] K. L. MacKinnon, Z. Molnar, D. Lowe, I. D. Watson and E. Shearer, “Measures of Total Free Radical Activity in Critically Ill Patients,” Clinical Biochemistry, Vol. 32, No. 4, 1999, pp. 263-286. doi:10.1016/S0009-9120(98)00109-X
[32] R. Borutovaa, S. Faixa, I. Plachaa, L. Gresakovaa, K. Cobanovaa and L. Lenga, “Effects of Deoxynivalenol and Zearalenone on Oxidative Stress and Blood Phagocytic Activity in Broilers,” Archives of Anima Nutrition, Vol. 62, No. 4, 2008, pp. 303-312.
[33] F. Crivellente, M. Bonato and P. Cristofori, “Analysis of Mouse, Rat, Dog, Marmoset and Human Serum Proteins by Capillary Electrophoresis: Comparison with Agarose Gel Electrophoresis,” Veterinary Clinical Pathology, Vol. 37, No. 1, 2008, pp. 73-78. doi:10.1111/j.1939-165X.2008.00008.x
[34] S. R. Vavricka, E. Burri, C. Beglinger, L. Degen and M. Manz, “Serum Protein Electrophoresis: Anunderused But very Useful Test,” Digestion, Vol. 79, No. 4, 2009, pp. 203-210. doi:10.1159/000212077
[35] B. A. Rotter, B. K. Thompson, M. Lessard, H. L. Trenholm and H. Tryphonas, “Influence of Low-Level Exposure to Fusariummycotoxins on Selected Immunological and Hematological Parameters in Young Swine,” Fundamental and Applied Toxicology, Vol. 23, No. 1, 1994, pp. 117-124. doi:10.1006/faat.1994.1087
[36] D. F. Settlage, R. M. Nakamura, V. Davajan, K. Kharma and D. R. Mishell, “A Quantitative Analysis of Serum Proteins during Treatment with Oral Contraceptive Steroids,” Contraception, Vol. 1, No. 2, 1970, pp. 101-114. doi:10.1016/0010-7824(70)90050-8
[37] S. Abbes, Z. Ouanes, J. B. Salah-Abbes, Z. Houas, R. Oueslati, H. Bacha and O. Othman, “The Protective Effect of Hydrated Sodium Calcium Luminosilicat Againsthaematological, Biochemical and Pathological Changes Induced by Zearalenonebzearalenone in Mice,” Toxicon, Vol. 47, No. 5, 2006, pp. 567-574. doi:10.1016/j.toxicon.2006.01.016
[38] J. W. Burnett and G. J. Calton, “The Chemistry and Toxicology of Some Venomous Pelagic Coelenterates,” Toxicon, Vol. 15, No. 3, 1977, pp. 177-196. doi:10.1016/0041-0101(77)90044-7
[39] P. Sancho-Bru, R. Bataller, G. Fernandez-Varo, M. Moreno, L. N. Ramalho, J. Colmenero, M. Marí, J. Clária, W. Jiménez, V. Arroyo, D. A. Brenner and P. Ginès, “Bradykinin Attenuates Hepatocellular Damage and Fibrosis in Rats with Chronic Liver Injury,” Gastroenterology, Vol. 133, No. 6, 2007, pp. 2019-2028. doi:10.1053/j.gastro.2007.09.023
[40] A. Levant, E. Levy, M. Argamen and S. Fleisher-Berko- vich, “Kinins and Neuro Inflammation: Dual Effect on Protaglandin Synthesis,” European Journal of Pharmacology, Vol. 546, No. 1-3, 2006, pp. 197-200. doi:10.1016/j.ejphar.2006.06.074
[41] M. Takano, H. Nishimura, Y. Kimura, J. Washizu, Y. Mokuno, Y. Nimura and Y. Yoshikai, “Prostaglandin E2 Protects against Liver Injury after Escherichia Coli Infection But Hampers the Resolution of the Infection in Mice,” The Journal of Immunology, Vol. 161, No. 6, 1998, pp. 3019-3025.
[42] H. Yin, L. Chao and J. Chao, “Kallikrein/Kinin Protects against Myocardial Apoptosis after Ischemia/Reperfusion via Akt-Glycogen Synthase Kinase-3 and Akt-Bad. 14-3-3 Signaling Pathways,” The Journal of Biological Chemistry, Vol. 280, 2005, pp. 8022-8030. doi:10.1074/jbc.M407179200
[43] M. Glotzer, “The Molecular Requirements for Cytokinesis,” Science, Vol. 307, No. 5716, 2005, pp. 1735-1739. doi:10.1126/science.1096896
[44] P. Gerlyng, A. Abyholm, T. B. E. Grotmol, H. S. Huitfeldt, T. Stokke and P. O. Seglen, “Binucleation and Polyploidization Patterns in Developmental and Regenerative rat Liver Growth,” Cell Proliferation, Vol. 26, No. 6, 1993, pp. 557-565. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2184.1993.tb00033.x
[45] F. Grizziand and M. Chiriva-Internati, “Human Binucleate Hepatocytes: Are They a Defense during Chronic Liver Diseases?” Medical Hypotheses, Vol. 69, No. 2, 2007, pp. 258-261. doi:10.1016/j.mehy.2006.12.029
[46] N. N. Beliaeva, “Proliferation and Polyploidy of Hepatocytes as Indicators of Liver Regeneration after Exposure to Environmental Chemical Factors,” Gigiena i Sanitariia, Vol. 3, 1989, pp. 48-52.

Copyright © 2024 by authors and Scientific Research Publishing Inc.

Creative Commons License

This work and the related PDF file are licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.