Immunisation Status of Children Born with Orofacial Clefts Who Visited the Komfo Anokye Teaching Hospital (KATH) Multidisciplinary Cleft Clinic ()
1. Introduction
Immunisation is the biological process of artificially conferring protection in a human host against infectious agents in the environment [1] . Vaccination, on the other hand, is the act or practice of inducing in a non-immune person a primary response such that on first contact with the corresponding pathogen, a rapid secondary (memory) response is mounted, leading to prevention of disease symptoms. Vaccination may lead to immunisation, and these two terms are commonly used interchangeably. Immunisation is crucial to maintaining health of the public. It is a safe, cost-effective and efficient way to prevent or ameliorate sickness and death from infectious diseases. Immunisation has led to some of the greatest public health triumphs ever, including the eradication of naturally occurring smallpox from the globe and the near eradication of polio. Children are considered fully immunised if they receive one dose of Bacillus Calmette- Guerin (BCG) and Oral Polio Vaccine (OPV) and one measles vaccine [2] . There has been a significant rise in the coverage for the six major vaccine-preventable diseases; pertussis, childhood tuberculosis, tetanus, polio, measles and diphtheria since the initiation of Expanded Programme on Immunisation in 1974 by the World Health Organisation [2] [3] .
The Ghana Expanded Programme on Immunisation recommends that children receive Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) and Oral Polio Vaccine (OPV) at birth; three doses of Penta vaccine and OPV at 6, 10 and 14 weeks of age; and measles vaccine at 9 months of age [4] . Immunisations are recorded on vaccine cards or booklets obtained from the clinics. Cleft lip and palate is the commonest congenital abnormalities in children. Incidence of cleft lip and palate not associated with a syndrome varies from region to region [5] . Among Japanese new-borns the incidence is 2.1 in 1000. Among Europeans the incidence is 1 in 1000 new-borns. African Americans have an incidence of 0.3 in 1000 new-borns. In Africa it is about 0.7 per 1000 live births [5] .
This particular congenital abnormality is associated with social stigmatization and rejections especially in Ghana [6] [7] .
The aim of this study was to assess immunisation status of children attending a multidisciplinary cleft clinic at KATH and compare with the national prevalence of Ghana. Mothers of cleft children are likely to face stigmatisation and this could affect taking their children to the weighing clinic and hence the immunisation status of these children. Failure to immunise these children puts them and their community at risk for the vaccine preventable diseases. It is therefore very important that research be carried out to determine the immunisation status.
2. Methodology
The study was a descriptive study. The study design was a cross-sectional study which adopted interviewing mothers of cleft lip and palate children reporting at KATH Cleft clinic with an interview guide. Questionnaires were used for mothers who were literate and as such could answer the questions directly. Those who could not read were assisted to understand the questions in their native language. The study choice is based on the fact that these subjects were studied at a particular point in time. Questionnaires were administered to the mothers as they waited for their turn to see the doctors at the KATH Cleft clinic. The questions comprised both closed-ended and open-ended questions. All consecutive mothers who consented to be part of the study were included in this study.
3. Results
The total sample size of the study was 83. This was made up of (40) 48.2% of the children were males and (43) 51.8% were females .Fifty-eight percent (58%) of the children were a year and below. Most of the mothers involved in the study were aged between 21 and 30 years (52%). Mothers aged below 21 were (5%) and above 40 were (6%). From this study it was found that only 4 (5%) of the 83 people sampled did not have any knowledge on immunisation A total of 35% had combined cleft lip and palate, 27% had isolated cleft palate, and 23% had isolated cleft lip, 11% bilateral cleft lip and 4% suffered from macrostomia. 56% were either the first or the second live birth of their parents. 84% were born in a health institution. However, 59% of those born at a health institution as against 46% of those born outside such institution were immunised on time. Vaccination up to18 months is as follows:
1) Of the 22 children due for the vaccine at 18 months during the study period, 82% had been fully vaccinated and on time.
2) 9% had been fully vaccinated but delayed.
3) 9% had not been vaccinated.
Children with isolated cleft palate and macrostomia were fully vaccinated on time (77.3% and 100%, respectively) as compared to those with combined cleft lip and palate and isolated cleft lip (43.3% and 50% respectively).
The study sought to ascertain why some mothers had not vaccinated their children or had delayed in vaccinating them. 77% indicated that this was due to the associated stigma.
The opinions of the mothers on how to improve the immunisation status of their children, majority (62%) centred on establishing immunisation centre at the cleft clinic; 14% suggested home immunisation while 7% and 10% suggested establishment of special immunisation centres and more education of mothers on the need for early vaccination, respectively.
Of the 83 participating mothers, 63 already had at least one child. When asked if they had vaccinated their other child (ren) 62 (98%) reported to have done so. It was also reported that 20% of mothers with previous child (ren) had to change their child welfare clinic because of their child’s cleft condition.
4. Discussion
Orofacial clefts occur more commonly in females than in males among those who report to the KATH Cleft Clinic according to this research. Children with combined cleft lip and palate (CLP) recorded the highest turn out (35%), and isolated cleft palate was (27%). Of the remaining 34% who presented with isolated cleft lip, 17% had left unilateral, 6% had right unilateral and 11% had bilateral cleft lip. This finding is similar to most studies from Ghana [6] [7] and Africa [8] .
From this study it was found that only 4 (5%) of the 83 people sampled did not have any knowledge on immunisation prior to this survey. This shows that a lot has been achieved in terms of education of the public on immunisation. However, the 5% though small makes it very clear that there is room for more work to be done in this regard. Studies in Nigeria show similar results [9] .
In general however, this research shows that only 57% had been fully vaccinated and on time, whereas 29% had been fully vaccinated but delayed and 14% had not been vaccinated at all. Most of the 29% who were fully vaccinated but delayed were children whose cleft lips had been repaired. Their mothers explained that they sent the children for vaccination after the cleft lip had been repaired. Cleft palates were more vaccinated and on time than cleft lips. This could be due to the fact that, because isolated cleft palate does not affect the child’s look, mothers of such children more readily accompany them to the weighing clinic to have them immunized. It is known that cultural beliefs have significant influence on the management of this condition [10] [11] [12] [13] . This finding is significant because empirical evidence from our community shows that parents normally hide their children with cleft from other people. Others even change their place of abode because of stigmatization and the fear of community rejection.
Very importantly, 21% of the mothers admitted to changing their settlement or weighing clinic so they could get their children vaccinated. These were mothers whose children had clefts (lips) that affected their looks and were more likely mocked by some of the members of their respective communities. One of the mothers whose child had received all the vaccinations she was due, attributed the success to the fact that she was given special services such as not joining the queue at the child welfare clinic and also the child was seen in a separate room. In all, children who had received all the vaccines they were due irrespective of whether it was on time or delayed was 86% which is greater than the general national immunisation rate of 77% as documented in the 2015 Ghana Demographic and Health Survey .
The study sought to ascertain why some mothers (43%) had not vaccinated their children or had delayed in vaccinating them. The majority (77%) indicated that this was due to the stigma attached to the birth of a child with cleft. The opinions of the mothers on how to improve the immunisation status of their children primarily centred on establishing an immunisation centre at the cleft clinic (62%). Again 12 (14%) suggested house to house immunisation while 7% and 10% suggested special immunisation.
5. Conclusion
The study showed that the percentage of children with orofacial cleft who visited the KATH Cleft Clinic and were vaccinated was above the national average. This research shows that only 57% had been fully vaccinated on time, whereas 29% had been fully vaccinated but delayed and 14% had not been vaccinated at all. Cleft palates were more vaccinated and on time than cleft lips. According to the mothers, lack of timely vaccination was mainly due to the stigma associated with clefts in their societies.
Acknowledgements
Special thanks to all mothers who attended the multidisciplinary cleft clinic at the Komfo Anokye Teaching Hospital. My heartfelt gratitude to the staff of the cleft clinic for their dedication and support during the study period.