Comparison of One-Step and Multistep Polishing Systems for the Surface Roughness of Resin Composites ()
Received 1 February 2016; accepted 19 March 2016; published 22 March 2016
1. Introduction
Recent advancements in the filler technology have improved the mechanical and physical properties of novel resin composites and gave way to restorations that closely resemble the natural tooth structures. Microfilled composites have less inorganic content with a smaller filler particle size than hybrid and packable composites. In recent years, nanofilled resin composites were developed after the advances in the field of nanotechnology. Nanofilled restorative materials have the combined advantage of hybrid and microfilled resin composites and have higher surface quality and high strength in anterior and posterior restorations.
Surface quality is important to enhance both esthetics and the longevity of restored teeth [1] - [3] . Surface roughness of resin composites results in excessive plaque accumulation, gingival irritation, increased surface staining, and poor gloss of the restored teeth [4] [5] . Resin composite materials are available with a variety of filler types that affect their handling characteristics and physical properties. Due to the different hardness of the resin matrix and the inorganic filler, homogeneous abrasion and a well finished and polished surface is difficult to obtain [6] . Proper finishing and polishing of dental restorations are important aspects of clinical restorative procedures. Improper finishing and polishing can result in clinical problems for both the patient and the clinician. Efforts have been made in previous studies, to obtain the best surface finish for traditional resin composites. The smoothest surfaces were obtained with a clear Mylar matrix [7] [8] . On the other hand, resin composite surfaces finished with a Mylar matrix exhibit a resin rich surface layer, which may easily abrade in the oral environment, and unpolished, rough, and inorganic filler material can be exposed [9] .
A variety of instruments are used for finishing and polishing resin composites including: carbide (8 - 12 - 16 and 30 fluted) and diamond (25 - 50 µm) finishing burs, abrasive strips, abrasive impregnated rubber cups and points, aluminum oxide coated abrasive discs, and polishing pastes [4] [8] - [10] . In previous studies, each of these instruments or devices has left the surface of various restorative materials with varying degrees of roughness when compared with their unfinished counterparts [1] [4] [7] [10] - [15] . Although these surface defects have been considered only minimal the extent to which such damage contributes to surface roughness of composites is unknown. Therefore, it is still unclear whether the instrument of choice for finishing and polishing may substantially affect surface roughness of novel resin composites.
This study aimed to evaluate the effect of different finishing and polishing instruments on the surface roughness of a microfilled and a nanofilled composite restorative material. First, null hypothesis tested was filler type which would not affect the surface roughness of composite material. Second, null hypothesis tested was finishing and polishing methods which would not affect the surface roughness of composite material.
2. Methods and Materials
The experimental design in this study had a factorial 2 × 7 array with 5 experimental units per treatment. Factors examined comprised: 1) resin composite at 2 levels: a microfilled resin composite (Amaris, Voco GmbH, Cuxhaven, Germany, LOT # 0801254) (AMR) and a nanofilled resin composite (Clearfil Majesty Esthetic, Kuraray Co. Ltd., Osaka, Japan, LOT #00004B) (CME) and 2) finishing/polishing protocol at 7 levels as indicated in Table 1. Materials used for finishing and polishing of composites are shown in Table 2.
Thirty five circular shaped specimens for each composite type were prepared in a plexiglas mold, 2 mm thick × 10 mm in diameter. While in contact with Mylar matrix strips (Hawe-Neos Dental, Bioggio, Switzerland) and placed between two 1 mm thick glass slides, the specimens were light cured for 20 s using a quartz tungsten halogen Hilux light (Benlioglu Dental A. S. Ankara, Turkey) provided that tip of the curing unit was in contact with the topmost surface of the glass slide. The intensity of the light curing unit was checked using a Hilux curing light meter (Benlioglu Dental A. S. Ankara, Turkey) before starting the polymerization. The mean output was 900 mW/cm2. After the irradiation, matrix strips were discarded and specimens were stored in distilled water at 37˚C for 24 hours. Following the storage period, specimens were randomly divided into 7 groups to receive either one of the finishing and polishing techniques or the control treatment (mylar strip) as follows (n = 5):
- Procedure 1 (control): No finishing or polishing.
- Procedure 2: Finishing with 12-fluted and 30-fluted tungsten carbide burs, respectively.
- Procedure 3: Finishing with fine, extrafine and ultrafine diamond burs, respectively.
- Procedure 4: After the finishing protocols used in the procedure 2, specimens were polished with diamond coated micro-polishers, PoGo (PG), using a low-speed hand piece with air cooling.
- Procedure 5: After the finishing protocols used in the procedure 2, specimens were polished with fine, and
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Table 1. Methods used for finishing and polishing composites.
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Table 2. Materials used for finishing and polishing composites.
superfine aluminum-oxide abrasive Super-Snap Rainbow polishing discs (SS) respectively.
- Procedure 6: After the finishing protocols used in the procedure 3, specimens were polished with PG.
- Procedure 7: After the finishing protocols used in the procedure 3, specimens were polished with fine, and superfine SS discs respectively.
Each tungsten carbide and diamond bur was used with five back and forth strokes for a total of 20 s using a high-speed handpiece with air and water cooling. PG and SS were used by light buffing motion for 20 s using a low speed handpiece under air cooling only. After the use of each disc and bur, tooth surfaces were rinsed and dried before proceeding to the next instrument. Tungsten carbide burs, diamond burs, polishing discs and diamond coated micro-polishers were discarded after each use. Same investigator carried out all specimen preparation, finishing and polishing procedures in order to reduce variability.
After the finishing and polishing procedures were completed, surface roughness of all specimens was measured using a surface profilometer (Mahr Perthometer S4P, Germany). In the sequential mode, each specimen was scanned three times in five different locations across the finished and polished surface. The average of those 15 measurements was used as the outcome value for a given specimen. Average roughness (Ra) was recorded in terms of µm. Statistical analysis was performed using two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Duncan test at a p = 0.05 significance level.
For SEM analysis; specimens were placed on a rotating table in a high vacuum evaporator and coated with 250 A˚ of gold. The specimens were then examined with SEM (JSM 6400, JEOL Ltd, Fukuoka, Japan) with a magnification of ×500 at an accelerating voltage of 20 kV.
3. Results
Table 3 and Figure 1 show the mean surface roughness (Ra) observed with different finishing and polishing
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Table 3. Mean Ra values (μm) ± standard errors of specimens tested. Same superscript letters indicate no statistically significant difference (p > 0.05). Upper cases compare data in the same row and lower cases in the same column.
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Figure 1. Mean Ra values (μm) of resin composites.
procedures. When composite surfaces were finished by mylar strip, diamond or tungsten carbide burs, no significant differences in Ra values were observed between the tested composites, AMR and CME. However, CME showed significantly lower Ra values than AMR (p < 0.05) for Procedures 4, 6 and 7. There were no significant differences between AMR and CME for Procedure 5. For CME; regardless of the finishing method, polishing with PG produced similar surface roughness values with its control group (Mylar strip) (p > 0.05). Comparison of the polishing systems showed that PG produced smoother surfaces than SS for both composites tested (p < 0.05).
In terms of SEM images (Figure 2 and Figure 3), for the two composites; finishing with diamond burs created scratches and deep gouges on the composite surfaces. However, tungsten carbide burs (Figure 2(b) and Figure 3(b)) resulted in irregular but more homogeneous surface finish with less scratches than the diamond bur (Figure 2(c) and Figure 3(c)). Scratches on the two tested composite surfaces polished with SS was probably caused by the edges of the discs during use (Figure 2(e) and Figure 2(g), Figure 3(e) and Figure 3(g)). SEM observations support the findings that the Mylar matrix strip and PG produced smoother surfaces (Figure 2(a) and Figure 3(a)).
4. Discussion
First null hypothesis of the study was partially rejected, since there were differences between composites for some of the procedures employed. Second null hypothesis had to be rejected since finishing and polishing methods affected the surface roughness of tested composites. Diamond coated micro-polishers yielded lowest roughness values when compared with other polishing discs.
Surface quality of resin based composite restorations has an important effect on esthetics and longevity of restored teeth [16] [17] . Surface staining, plaque accumulation and gingival irritation might occur due to poor
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Figure 2. SEM photographs of microfilled composite, AMR (EHT: 20.00 kV Signal A: SE1 Zone Mag: 500×) (a) Procedure 1, (b) procedure 2, (c) procedure 3, (d) procedure 4, (e) procedure 5, (f) procedure 6, (g) procedure 7.
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Figure 3. SEM photographs of nanofilled composite, CME (EHT: 20.00 kV Signal A: SE1 Zone Mag: 500×) (a) Procedure 1, (b) procedure 2, (c) procedure 3, (d) procedure 4, (e) procedure 5, (f) procedure 6, (g) procedure 7.
surface texture [5] [18] . Surface roughness of restorative materials is measured with a surface profilometer in vitro. The calculated average roughness (Ra) gives numeric values of the surface texture after various finishing and polishing procedures and is helpful to clinicians in their treatment decisions. Lower the value, smoother the surface is. On the other hand; only the use of surface roughness measurements does not fully show the complex structure of a surface, SEM analysis of the surfaces are also done along with the profilometric analyses. In this study, surface roughness measurements were used for relative comparisons. Additionally, changes in the surface texture were examined with SEM.
Polishing procedure becomes complicated in resin composites because of heterogeneous nature of composite matrix and filler particles. In most studies the surface roughness of resin composites after finishing and polishing with different protocols are compared with transparent matrices, such as Mylar strips. In the present study, all finishing and polishing procedures showed higher Ra values when compared with control groups and results are in accordance with previous studies [1] [9] [11] [12] [16] [19] [20] .
・ Polishing: the processcarried out after the finishing and marginations teps of the finishing procedure to remove minutes cratches from the surface of a restoration and obtain a smooth, light-reflective luster. The polishing process is also in tended to produce a homogeneous surface with minimal microscopic scratches and deflects.
Finishing involves removal of irregularities, definition of anatomic conturs and reduction of surface roughness. Polishing, which is performed after finishing, is a procedure to produce a smooth surface with a luster [21] . In clinical procedures, diamond and tungsten carbide burs are used for contouring and finishing both anterior and posterior teeth. The present study showed no significant difference between diamond and tungsten carbide burs for both resin composite. However, finishing with diamond burs created scratches and deep gouges on the surface of both composites. Using tungsten carbide burs with 12 and 30 flutes respectively in the present study resulted in more consistent surface finish with less scratches than the diamond bur in SEM evaluation. This may be attributed to different mechanism of action tungsten carbide and diamond burs. Since tungsten carbide burs have blade like flutes they cut the surface by removing thin layers; contrary to this, diamond burs grind the surface and could make the surface more irregular. Our findings are in agreement with another study that also found more irregular surface with diamond burs [22] .
Effects of one-step and multi-step polishing systems on the surface roughness of composites have been reported in literature [3] [9] [11] [12] . There are many different finishing and polishing systems available in the market. The multi-step polishing system (SS) we used in this study has 4 different grit discs, 2 for finishing and 2 for polishing.SS discs are snapped on and secured onto the mandrel by an elastic shank mounted on the discs and do not have metal centers. SEM evaluation in this study revealed scratches on both composite surfaces in groups 5 and 7, probably resulting from the edges of the discs. As sequential use of polishing discs, starting with the coarse grit and continuing with medium, fine and ultrafine discs seems to be time consuming, diamond or silicon carbide coated one-step systems were developed to reduce clinical time and cost. However; PG was found to be the most time consuming method although they resulted in enamel surfaces nearly as smooth as intact enamel [14] . The one-step diamond micropolishers (PG) used in this study are diamond-impregnated polishing devices and designed for use without water cooling in the final polishing of composite restorations. Some investigators reported that specimens polished with PG have lower surface roughness values than multi-step systems [1] [9] [12] [14] [23] - [28] . In accordance with previous studies, PG polishing system used in procedures 4 and 6 showed lower Ra values than SS discs used in procedures 5 and 7 in this study. In the present study, for the nanofilled composite (CME), use of PG after finishing with diamond or carbide bur (procedures 4 and 6) showed no significant difference when compared with control group.
Surface roughness is directly influenced by each resin composite composition and finishing and polishing instrument used. Microfilled composites are used for esthetic restorations because their filler size provides higher polishability than conventional composites containing large filler particles [12] [24] . The application of nanotechnology to composite research is of great benefit [25] . Nanofilled composites contain particles of size below 100 nm which is important in increasing mechanical properties and reducing polymerization shrinkage. Resin composite, CME tested in this study comprise features of nanotechnology with high filler load and small filler size. Smoother surfaces obtained with CME polished with PG may be attributed to smaller filler size of CME when compared with AMR. Moreover, size of abrasive particles of PG might have been to small to effectively abrade and polish the surface of AMR. We speculate that filler size of CME might be closer to abrasive particle size of PG therefore yielded smoother surfaces. Although filler size is the main parameter for differences in surface roughness of composites, filler type, organic matrix type, silane and degree of conversion may also have effects on surface polishing [29] [30] .
5. Conclusion
Nanofilled resin composite showed significantly lower Ra values than microfilled resin composite when discs or diamond micropolishers were used after finishing the composite surface with diamond or tungsten carbide burs. When polishing systems were compared; regardless of finishing methods, diamond micro-polisher produced smoother surfaces than polishing discs. The finishing and polishing procedures tested had different effects on the surface of the microfilled and nanofilled resin composites. Therefore, the surface roughness of different resin composites after the use of other suitable finishing and polishing systems should be further investigated.