|
[1]
|
H. Siegl and A. Sigel, “Biological Properties of Metal Alkyl Derivatives,” Dekker, New York, 1993.
|
|
[2]
|
K. Fent, “Ecotoxicology of Organotin Compounds,” Revised Marine Toxicology, Vol. 26, 1996, pp. 117-121.
|
|
[3]
|
G. W. Bryan and P. E. Gibbs, “Impacts of Low Concentrations of Tributyltin (TBT) on Marine Organisms,” In: M. C. Newman and A. W. McIntosh, Eds., Metal toxicology, Concepts and applications, Academic Press, Lon- don, 1991.
|
|
[4]
|
M. H. Salazar and S. M. Salazar, “Assessing Site-Specific Effects of TBT Contamination with Mussel Growth Rates,” Marine Environment Research, Vol. 32, No. 1-4, 1991, pp. 131-150.
doi:10.1016/0141-1136(91)90038-A
|
|
[5]
|
C. Alzieu, J. Sanjuan, J. P. Deltreil and B. Borel, “Tin Applied,” Organometallic Chemistry, Vol. 17, 1986, pp. 81-105.
|
|
[6]
|
T. Horiguchi, H. Shiraishi, M. Shimizu and M. Morita, “Imposex and Organotin Compounds in Thais Clavigera and T. Bronni in Japan,” Journal of Marine Biolology, Vol. 74, 1994, pp. 651-669.
doi:10.1017/S002531540004772X
|
|
[7]
|
A. Siah, J. Pellerin, J. C. Amiard, E. Pelletier and L. Viglino, “Delayed Gamesomeness and Progesterone Levels in Soft-Shell Clams (Mya Arenaria) in Relation to in Situ Contamination to Organotins and heAvy Metals in the St. Lawrence River,” Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part C: Toxicol. Pharm., Canada, 2003.
|
|
[8]
|
J. L. Gomez-Ariza, M. M. Santos, E. Morales, I. Giraldez, D. Sanchez-Rodas and N. Vieira, “Organotin Contamination in the Atlantic Ocean off the Iberian Peninsula in Relation to Shipping,” Chemosphere, Vol. 64, No. 7, 2006, pp. 1100-1108.
doi:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2005.11.068
|
|
[9]
|
M. A. Shreadah, T. O. Said, A. M. Younis and R. S. Farag, “Speciation of Organotin Compounds in Sediments of Semi-Closed Areas along the Mediterranean Coast of Alexandria,” Chemistry and Ecology, Vol. 22, No. 5, 2006, pp. 395-404.
doi:10.1080/02757540600917443
|
|
[10]
|
C. Gallert and J. Winter, “Bioremediation of Soil Contaminated with Alkyllead Compounds,” Water Research, Vol. 36, No. 12, 2002, pp. 3130-3140.
doi:10.1016/S0043-1354(01)00543-7
|
|
[11]
|
Y. K. Chau, P. T. S. Wong, G. A. Bengert, J. L Dunn and B. Glen, “Occurrence of Alkyllead Compounds in the Detroit and St Clair Rivers,” Journal of Lakes Research, Vol. 11, No. 4, 1985, pp. 13-19.
|
|
[12]
|
T. S. Murty and M. T. El-Sabh, “Weather System, Storm Surges and Sea State in the Red Sea and the Gulf of Aden,” Proceeding Symposium on Coral Reef Environment, Red Sea, Jeddah, KSA, 1984.
|
|
[13]
|
T. O. Said, “Analytical Determination of Dissolved Petroleum Components in Seawater Using Coupling System (GC-MS),” Ph.D. Thesis, Mansoura University, Egypt, 1996.
|
|
[14]
|
A., Khaled, A. El-Nemer and A. El-Sikaily, “Contamination of Coral Reefs by Heavy Metals along the Egyptian Red Sea Coast,” Bulletin Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, Vol. 71, No. 3, 2003, pp. 577-584.
doi:10.1007/s00128-003-8751-y
|
|
[15]
|
A. El Sikaily, A. Khaled, A. El-Nemer, T. O. Said and A. M. A. Abdullah, “Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons and Aliphatics in the Coral Reef Skeleton of the Egyptian Red Sea Coast,” Bulletin Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, Vol. 71, No. 6, 2003, pp. 1252-1259.
doi:10.1007/s00128-003-8736-x
|
|
[16]
|
A. El Sikaily, A. Khaled and A. El-Nemer, “Heavy Metals Monitoring Using Bivalves from Mediterranean Sea and Red Sea,” Environmental Monitoring Assessment, Vol. 98, No. 1-3, 2004, pp. 41-58.
doi:10.1023/B:EMAS.0000038178.98985.5d
|
|
[17]
|
APHA-AWWA-WEF, “Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater,” 18th Edition, Washington DC, 1992.
|
|
[18]
|
R. L. Folk, “Petrology of Sedimentary Rocks,” Hemphill, Austin, 1974.
|
|
[19]
|
P. D. Jackson, D. Taylor Smith and P. N. Stanford, “Resistively-Porosity-Particle Shape-Relationships for Marine Sands,” Geophysics, Vol. 43, No. 6, 1978, pp. 1250-1268. doi:10.1190/1.1440891
|
|
[20]
|
UNEP/IAEA, “Reference Methods for Marine Pollution Studies,” Athens, 1986.
|
|
[21]
|
T. Tsuda, H. Nakanishi, S. Aoki and J. Takebayashi, “Determination of Butyltin Compounds in Biological and Sediment Samples by Electron-Capture Gas Chromatography,” Journal of Chromatography, Vol. 387, 1987, pp. 361-370. doi:10.1016/S0021-9673(01)94538-8
|
|
[22]
|
Y. K. Chau, P. T. S. Wong, G. A. Bengert and J. L. Dunn, “Determination of Dialkyllead, Trialkyllead, Tetraalkyllead and Lead (II) Compounds in Sediment and Biological Samples,” Analytical Chemistry, Vol. 56, No. 2, 1984, pp. 271-274. doi:10.1021/ac00266a034
|
|
[23]
|
M. Meherm, “Assessment of the State of Pollution by Antifouling Paints in Marine Environment of Alexandria Coastal Region,” Ph.D. Thesis in Maritime Transport Technology (Environmental Protection), Arab Academy for Science and Technology and Maritime Transport, 2002.
|
|
[24]
|
T. O. Said and M. A. Hamed, “Mobility of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Water of the Egyptian Red Sea Coasts,” Bulletin Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, Vol. 77, No. 5, 2006, pp. 126-136.
doi:10.1007/s00128-006-1041-8
|
|
[25]
|
T. O. Said, “Oil Pollution Inputs into the Suez Gulf, Red Sea,” Egyptian Journal of Academic Society Environmental Development (D-Environmental Studies), Vol. 4, 2003, pp. 19-32.
|
|
[26]
|
Kh. M. El Moselhy and M. N. Gabal, “Trace Metals in Water, Sediments and Marine Organisms from the Northern Part of the Suez Gulf, Red Sea,” Journal of Marine System, Vol. 46, 2004, pp. 39-46.
doi:10.1016/j.jmarsys.2003.11.014
|
|
[27]
|
Kh. M. El Moselhy, A. A. Diab and M. R. Tolba, L. I. Mohamadein, “Levels of Some Heavy Metals in Coastal Water, Sediment and the Limpet Patella sp. from the Northern Part of the Suez Gulf (Suez Bay),” Egyptian Journal of Aquatic Research, Vol. 3, 1999, pp. 69-84.
|
|
[28]
|
Kh. M. El Moselhy and H. Abd El-Azim, “Heavy Metals Content and Grain Size of Sediments from Suez Bay, Red Sea,” Egyptian Journal of Aquatic Research, Vol. 31, No. 2, 2005, pp. 224-238.
|
|
[29]
|
A. El Sikaily, A. Khaled and A. El Nemr, “Leachable and Total Nine Heavy Metals in Muddy and Sandy Sediment Collected from Suez Gulf. Egypt,” Journal of Aqua-tic Research, Vol. 31, 2005, pp. 99-119.
|
|
[30]
|
G. Bryan and W. J. Langston, “Bioavailability, Accumulation and Effects of Heavy Metals in Sediments with Special Reference to United Kingdom Estuaries: A Review,” Environmental Pollution, Vol. 76, 1992, pp. 89-132. doi:10.1016/0269-7491(92)90099-V
|
|
[31]
|
M. C. Barciela-Alonsa, P. Pazos-Capeans, M. E. Regue- ria-Miguens, A. Bermejo-Barrera and P. Bermejo-Barrera, “Study of Cadmium, Lead and Tin Distribution in Surface Marine Sediment Samples from Ria de Aroua (NW of Spain),” Analytical Chemical Acta, Vol. 524, No. 1-2, 2004, pp. 115-120. doi:10.1016/j.aca.2004.03.087
|
|
[32]
|
I. Arambarri, R. Garcia and E. Millan, “Assessment of Tin and Butyltin Species in Estuarine Superficial Sediment from Gipuzkoa, Spain,” Chemosphere, Vol. 51, No. 8, 2003, pp. 643-649.
doi:10.1016/S0045-6535(03)00154-1
|
|
[33]
|
T. A. Delvallas, T. M. Forja and A. Gomez-Parra, “Seasonality of Contamination, Toxicity and Quality Values in Sediments from Littoral Ecosystems in the Gulf of Codiz (SW Spain),” Chemosphere, Vol. 46, No. 7, 2002, pp.1033-1043. doi:10.1016/S0045-6535(01)00176-X
|
|
[34]
|
O. F. X. Donard, P. Quevauviller and A. Bruchet, “Tin and Organotin Speciation during Wastewater and Sludge Treatment Processes,” Water Research, Vol. 27, No. 6, 1993, pp. 1085-1089.
doi:10.1016/0043-1354(93)90073-Q
|
|
[35]
|
R. Eisler, “Tin Hazards to Fish, Wildlife, and Invertebrates: A Synoptic Review,” Laurel, MD, US Fish and Wildlife Service, Patuxent Wildlife Research Center, (PB-89-139620/XAB), US, 1989.
|
|
[36]
|
S. Lin and C. Chen, “Spatial Variations of Heavy Metals in the East China Sea Continental Shelf Surface Sedi-ments,” Chemistry and Ecology, Vol. 13, No. 2, 1996, pp. 77-91. doi:10.1080/02757549608035521
|
|
[37]
|
P. H. Dowson, J. M. Bubband and J. N. Lester, “Temporal Distribution of Organotins in the Aquatic Environment: Five Years after the 1989 UK Retail Ban on TBT Based Antifouling Paints,” Marine Pollution Bulletin, Vol. 26, 1993, pp.487-494. doi:10.1016/0025-326X(93)90465-V
|
|
[38]
|
J. P. Meador, C. A. Krone, D. W. Dyar and U. Varanasi, “Toxicity of Sediment Associated Tributyltin in Faunal Invertebrate’s Species Comparison and the Role of Organic Carbon,” Marine Environmental Research, Vol. 43, No. 3, 1997, pp. 219-241.
doi:10.1016/0141-1136(96)00090-6
|
|
[39]
|
M. D. Ian, K. Susan and J. C. Melanie, “Tributyltin Inputs to the North Sea from Shipping Activities and Potential Risk of Biological Effects,” Journal of Marine Science, Vol. 55, No. 1, 1998, pp. 34-43.
|
|
[40]
|
G. E. Batley, “The Distribution and Fate of Tributyltin in the Marine Environment,” In: S. J. De Mora, Ed, Tributyltin: A Case Study of an Environmental Contaminant, Cambridge Environmental Chemistry Series, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1996.
|
|
[41]
|
ANZECC/ARMCANZ, “Australian and New Zealand Guidelines for Fresh and Marine Water Quality,” Australian and New Zealand Environment and Conservation Council/Agriculture and Resource Management Council of Australian and New Zealand Canberra, 2000.
|
|
[42]
|
M. A. Shereadah, T.O. Said, G. El Zokm and M. S. Masoud, “Physico-Chemical Characteristics of the Surficial sediments along the Egyptian Red Sea coasts,” Egyptian Journal of Aquatic Research, Vol. 34, No. 2, 2008, pp. 83-95.
|
|
[43]
|
C.-C. Lee, C.-Y. Hsieh and C.-J. Tien, “Factors Influencing Organotin Distribution in Different Marine Environmental Compartments and Their Potential Health Risk,” Chemosphere, Vol. 65, No. 4, 2006, pp. 547-559.
doi:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2006.02.037
|
|
[44]
|
S. Diez, A. M. Balos and J. M. Bayona, “Organotin Contamination in Sediments from the Western Mediterranean Enclosures following 10 Years of TBT Regulation,” Water Research, Vol. 36, 2002, pp. 908-918.
doi:10.1016/S0043-1354(01)00305-0
|
|
[45]
|
S. Biselli, K. Bester, H. Huhnerfuss and K. Fent, “Concentrations of the Antifouling Compound Irgarol 1051 and of Organotins in Water and Sediments of German North and Baltic Sea Marinas,” Marine Pollution Bulletin, Vol. 40, No. 3, 2000, pp. 233-243.
doi:10.1016/S0025-326X(99)00177-0
|
|
[46]
|
M. M. C. Ko, G. C. Bradley, A. H. Neller and M. J. Broom, “Tributyltin Contamination of Marine Sediments of Hong Kong,” Marine Pollution Bulletin, Vol. 31, No. 4, 1995, pp. 249-253. doi:10.1016/0025-326X(95)00138-D
|
|
[47]
|
S. D. St-Jean, S. C. Courtenay, E. Pelletier and R. St-Louis, “Butyltin Concentrations in Sediments and Blue Mussels (Mytilus Edulis) of the Southern Gulf of St. Lawrence, Canada,” Marine Pollution Bulletin, Vol. 31, No. 4, 1995, pp. 249-253.
doi:10.1080/09593332008616807
|
|
[48]
|
A. Sudaryanto, S. Takahashi, H. Iwata, S. Tanabe and A. Ismail, “Contamination of Butyltin Compounds in Malaysian Marine Environment,” Environmental Pollution, Vol. 130, No. 3, 2004, pp. 347-358.
doi:10.1016/j.envpol.2004.01.002
|
|
[49]
|
L. Schebek and M. Andreae, “Methyl- and Butyl Compounds in Water and Sediments of the Rhine River,” Environmental Science Technology, Vol. 25, No. 5, 1991, pp. 871-878. doi:10.1021/es00017a007
|
|
[50]
|
P. H. Dowson, J. M. Bubb, T. P Williams and J. N. Lesterm, “Degradation of Tributyltin in Fresh Water and Estuarine Marine Sediments,” Water Science Technology, Vol. 28, 1993, pp.133-137.
|
|
[51]
|
F. Cima, P J. Craig and C, Harrington, “Organotin Compounds in the Environment, in Organometallic Compounds in the Environment,” John Willey and Sons, Chichester, 2003, pp. 101-149.
|
|
[52]
|
WHO (World Health Organization), “Tributyltin Compounds,” Environmental Health Criteria 116, Geneva, 1990.
|
|
[53]
|
W. E. Pereira, Y. L. Wade, F. D. Hostettler and F. Parchaso, “Accumulation of Butyltins in Sediments and Liquid Tissues of the Asian clam, Potamocorbula Amurensis, Near Mare Island Naval Shipyard, San Francisco Bay,” Marine Pollution Bulletin, Vol. 38, No. 11, 1999, pp. 1005-1010. doi:10.1016/S0025-326X(99)00124-1
|
|
[54]
|
O. Odoyemi and E. Ajulo, “Stability of Brestan in Tropical Waters,” Water Science Technology, Vol. 14, No. 4-5, 1982, pp. 133-142.
|
|
[55]
|
D. Muller, “Comprehensive Trace Level Determination of Organotin Compounds in Environmental Samples Using HRGC with FPD,” Analytical Chemistry, Vol. 59, No. 4, 1987, pp. 617-623. doi:10.1021/ac00131a017
|
|
[56]
|
US EPA (United States Environmental Protection Agency), “Chesapeake Bay Program: Findings and Recommendations. US EPA Report,” Region 3, Philadelphia, 1983.
|
|
[57]
|
W. J. Lyman “Handbook of Chemical Property Estimation Methods,” Washington DC, 1990.
|
|
[58]
|
U. Schmidt and F. Huber, “Methylation of Organolead and Lead (II) Compounds to (CH3)4Pb by Microorganisms,” Nature, Vol. 259, 1976, pp. 157-158.
doi:10.1038/259157c0
|
|
[59]
|
R. Van Cleuvenbergen, R. Chakraborti and F. Adams, “Occurrence of Triand Dialkyllead Species in Environmental Water,” Environmental Science Technology, Vol. 20, 1986, pp. 589-593. doi:10.1021/es00148a007
|