Coastline Security Engineering Using Geo-Spatial Approach: Case of Chabahar Port, Iran ()
1. Introduction
Urban Development always happens rapidly and intensively, resulting in contingent environmental problems [1] . The consequences of rapid industrialization and urbanization are far reaching and affect local and regional security. The economy greatly depends upon the urban activities. Additionally, coastal towns are more important in this issue with regard to national marine businesses and activities [2] accordingly, this importance should warrant special consideration from the military and security points of view for ports and coastal towns. Coastal zones are the bridges of communication and interaction between countries, facilitating internal and external country relationships to maintain regional balance using geographical locations and ensuring the safety of the interior by sea borders. They also collectively operate as a symbol of the country’s development. Ecological resources and major economic activities change the coastal zones to the most sensitive and valuable areas in the world. Iran plays a strategic role in the Middle East with regard to its important bodies of water. The Makoran Sea, the Persian Gulf and the Strait of Hormuz are the most strategic locations in the world. Unfortunately, the above-mentioned issues also involve undesirable social effects such as illegal immigration and the smuggling of goods and humans. The increasing population in the coastal zones produces major economic and commercial activities. These activities cause an increasing susceptibility and underscore the importance of coastal security. The accessibility of police and military stations to coastal zones (the above-mentioned areas with social sensitivity) can be one of the most important concepts and ultra-structural factors in the development of coastal towns.
The necessity of paying attention to accessibility and the field view as two key military and security elements in urban planning has been focused on by many experts [3] and [4] . A quick review of the available research shows various formulas and models in this field. But there is no special focus on coastal towns’ security. They place emphasis on different factors and priorities. Many of the above-mentioned studies are designed in a GIS environment [5] . With regard to the important role of GIS in planning and urban policies, this study attempts to produce concurrent accessibility and security in coastal areas. Coastal security must be focused on the development and deployment of military and police centers. These corresponded to the suitable location of police stations along the coastal shoreline. Chabahar port has been selected as the study area due to the importance and value of its economy, trade, transit and security. The development of Chabahar port creates a wide framework to create jobs and economic prosperity in the region. The main reasons for this selection can be summarized as follows:
• Necessity of improvement in urban policy and security in Iranian coastal areas
• socio-economic potential of Chabahar as the most important port of the Makoran sea
• Strategic geographical position of Chabahar and its security challenges
2. Importance of Coastline Security
The security of coastal towns depends upon the coastlines and their associated infrastructure. Coastlines automatically manage ongoing efforts to the security of offshore port landuse. They are also the main entrance of the extraordinary demands on the port authorities and other relevant issues with port security [6] .
The coastline in a security-operational environment is complex and includes the regions of sea, land and air. To successfully support the current and future security operations of the coastline, geospatial information must be rapidly integrated and analyzed to meet the ongoing force structure evolution and new mission directives [7] . With regard to the specific role of the coastline in the security of the coastal area, the fundamental focus has been on the military to develop port and coastal town security. Concerning the types and numbers of crime from coastlines, military restrictions on coastline activities are necessary. The challenge is to find a practical way of handling this issue. This research attempts to find the best combination of military solutions to meet this challenge.
3. Identification and Interpretation of the Coastline Security Factors
Based on the Pressure-State-Response approach, the indicators in the system were divided into spatial interpolation and non-spatial interpolation, also the warning method was classified into security, sub-security and insecurity [8] . With respect to coastal security importance in the study area, above classification is summarized and calibrated to security and insecurity.
There are 3 types of security tools for the coastlines of Iran [9] : permanent police stations, temporary police sites for policemen to patrol on foot, and patrol police cars.
Coastal security planning by police centers includes two steps: the observation of phenomena and the on-time deployment of policemen to the location of the coastal phenomenon. Therefore, the security of coastal towns can be affected by the following parameters:
• Number of permanent and temporary coastal police sites
• Distribution of permanent and temporary coastal police sites along the coastline
• Field view of the policemen during their movements (walking and police car patrol)
• Accessibility of police to coastline In the Chabahar port, there is only one permanent police center (Figure 1). For the location of temporary coastal police sites, there is no limitation; the number of sites can be increased and reduced according to security requirements. The location of the permanent police center shows that it can only be the directory center and cannot be used for practical monitoring of the coastline.
The field views of the policemen during car patrol follow the route (road). With respect to the above notes, there are semi-fixed values for the following two items: the field view of the policemen during car patrol and the accessibility of the permanent police center to the coastline. Therefore, the location of the temporary coastal police sites as a flexible parameter can play an important role in coastal security engineering. Based on this interpretation, the methodology of the research includes the following steps:
• Spatial and quantitative analysis of the field view to the coastline
• Spatial and quantitative analysis of the accessibility of the coastline
• Location planning of temporary coastal police sites
4. Spatial and Quantitative Analysis of Coastline Security Engineering
Security issues of a nation’s coastlines must be examined from the perspective of associated infrastructures [6] . Ongoing efforts to secure coastline as well as the patrol networks, field view and police facilities must be surveyed. As mentioned earlier, the field view is an important factor for coastline security planning. This factor of police duty can be evaluated via two basic situations: policeman walking on patrol and policemen patrolling by car. The normal angle accuracy of the human field of view in the static situation is 170˚ [10] , and the distance accuracy depends upon the importance of the view; for the issue of security monitoring, the distance can be considered to be 30 meters [10] . During movement, this distance is affected and is reduced by the movement speed. This effect can be calculated by a mathematical vector analysis [11] based on Figure 2 and equations (1)-(3):
Based on the following mathematical vector calculation:
(1)
(2)
(3)
In coastal security monitoring, the average speed of police car patrol and policeman walking are 11 and 2 m/s, respectively [9] . Regarding the negative impact of speed on the distance view, the amounts of OA (passed distance after one second) are considered with a minus sign (−11 and −2):
OA for police car patrol = 11 m OA for policeman walking = 2 m OD for police car patrol = 31.04 m OD for policeman walking = 29.89 m
β for police car patrol = 30.16˚
β for policeman walking = 5.87˚
OC for police car patrol = 9.64 m OC for policeman walking = 26.47 m OE for police car patrol = 9.54 m OE for policeman walking = 26.37 m Therefore, the calculation results show that the field views of the policemen during car patrol and walking cover a distance of 9.64 and 26.47 meters, respectively, and the maximum location distances to support these field views are 9.54 and 26.36 meters.
Access time to coastline during police duty can also be evaluated by the above-mentioned basic situations (policeman walking and police car patrol). After the observation of crime cases along the coastline, the policeman
Figure 1. Location of Chabahar permanent police center.