Effects of Thermal Conditions in the Phase Formation of Undoped and Doped Pb(Zr_1-xTi_x)O₃ Solid Solutions

Zelikha Necira, Ahmed Boutarfaia, Malika Abba, Hayet Menasra, Nora Abdessalem

Laboratory of Applied Chemistry, Department of Science Matter, University of Biskra, Biskra, Algeria.
Laboratory of Applied Chemistry, Department of Science Matter, University of Biskra, Biskra, Algeria; University of Ouargla, Ouargla, Algeria.

DOI: 10.4236/msa.2013.45041                

Abstract

The purpose of this research is to study the effect of thermal conditions such as temperature ramp rate and isothermal times in the phase formation of Pb(Zr_1-xTi_x)O₃ solid solutions with composition near the morphotropic phase boundary (MPB) by using the conventional ceramic method. The perovskite phase formation and morphology of undoped Pb(Zr_0.52Ti_0.48)O₃ (abbreviated PZT) and doped new material
Pb_0.98Gd_0.02[(Zr_0.52Ti_0.48)_0.98(Mg_1/3Nb_2/3)_0.01(Ni_1/3Sb_2/3)_0.01]O₃ (abbreviated PZT-PGMNNS) specimens calcined between 700°C and 900°C have been examined by powder X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) while the thermal evolution of the initial precursor was followed by TG-DTA. So the results of these studies have been discussed.

Keywords

Pb(Zr_1-xTi_x)O₃; Morphotropic Phase Boundary; Conventional Ceramic Method; Perovskite Phase

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

References

[1]	B. Jaffe, W. R. Cook Jr. and H. Jaffe, “Piezoelectric Ceramics,” Academic Press, London and New York, 1971.
[2]	Y. Matsuo and H asaki, “Formation of Lead ZirconateLead Titanate Solid Solutions,” Journal of American Ceramic Society, Vol. 48, No. 6, 1965, pp. 289-290. doi:10.1111/j.1151-2916.1965.tb14743.x
[3]	E. Quandt and A. Ludwig, “Magnetostrictive Actuation in Microsystems Sensors and Actuators,” Sensors and Actuators A: Physical, Vol. 81, No. 1-3, 2000, pp. 275-280.
[4]	R. Zuo, L. Li, X. Hu and Z. Gui, “Effect of Silver Dopant on Electrical Properties of PMN-PNN-PZT Piezoelectric Ceramics by Complex Impedance Spectroscopy,” Materials Letters, Vol. 54, No. 2, 2002, pp. 185-190 doi:10.1016/S0167-577X(01)00561-4
[5]	K. Nagata and J. Thongrueng, “Effect of Temperature, Humidity and Load on Degradation of Multilayer Ceramic Actuator,” Journal of the Korean Physical Society, Vol. 32, 1998, pp. 1278-1281.
[6]	A. Pinczuk, Solid State Communications, “‘Soft’ Optical Phonons and the Morphotropic Phase Transition of the Pb(Ti1-x,Zrx)O3 System,” Solid State Communications, Vol. 12, 1973, p. 1035.
[7]	A. Boutarfaia and S. E. Bouaoud, “Tetragonal and Rhombohedral Phase Co-Existence in the System: PbZrO3-PbTiO3Pb(Fe1/5,Ni1/5Sb3/5)O3,” Ceramics International, Vol. 22, No. 4, 1996, pp. 281-286. doi:10.1016/0272-8842(95)00102-6
[8]	L’. Medvecky, M. Kmecová and K. Saksl, “Study of Pb(Zr0.53Ti0.47)O3 Solid Solution Formation by Interaction of Perovskite Phases,” Journal of the European Ceramic Society, Vol. 27, No. 4, 2007, pp. 2031-2037. doi:10.1016/j.jeurceramsoc.2006.05.100
[9]	T. R. Shrout, P. Papet, S. Kim and G. S. Lee, “Conventionally Prepared Submicrometer Lead-Based Perovskite Powders by Reactive Calcination,” Journal of the American Ceramic Society, Vol. 73, No. 7, 1990, pp. 1862-1867. doi:10.1111/j.1151-2916.1990.tb05236.x
[10]	C. A. Randall, N. Kim, J. P. Kucera, W. Cao and T. R. Shrout, “Intrinsic and Extrinsic Size Effects in FineGrained Morphotropic-Phase-Boundary Lead Zirconate Titanate Ceramics,” Journal of the American Ceramic Society, Vol. 81, No. 3, 1998, pp. 677-688. doi:10.1111/j.1151-2916.1998.tb02389.x
[11]	T. Yamamoto, “Optimum Preparation Methods for Piezoelectric Ceramics and Their Evaluation,” American Ceramic Society Bulletin, Vol. 71, No. 6, 1992, pp. 978-984.
[12]	F. Jona and G. Shirane, “Ferroelectric Crystals,” Dover, New York, 1995.
[13]	N. Chakrabarti and H. S. Maiti, “Chemical Synthesis of PZT Powder by Auto-Combustion of Citrate-Nitrate Gel,” Materials Letters, Vol. 30, No. 2, 1997, pp. 169-173. doi:10.1016/S0167-577X(96)00191-7
[14]	Y. Matsuo and H. Sasakhi, “Formation of lead ZirconateLead Titanate Solid Solutions,” Journal of American Ceramic Society, Vol. 48, No. 6, 1965, pp. 289-291. doi:10.1111/j.1151-2916.1965.tb14743.x
[15]	B. V. Hiremath, A. I. Kingon and J. V. Biggers, “Reaction Sequence in the Formation of Lead Zirconate-Lead Titanate Solid Solution: Role of Raw Materials,” Journal of the American Ceramic Society, Vol. 66, No. 11, 1983, pp. 790-793.
[16]	A. I. Kingon, P. J. Terblanche and J. B. Clark, “Effect of Reactant Dispersion on Formation of PZT Solid Solutions,” Ceramic International, Vol. 8, No. 3, 1982, pp. 108-114. doi:10.1016/0272-8842(82)90027-X
[17]	A. I. Kingon, P. J. Terblanche and J. B. Clark, “Effect of Reactant Dispersion on Formation of PZT Solid Solutions,” Ceramic international, Vol. 11, No. 4, 1985, p. 150. doi:10.1016/0272-8842(85)90241-X
[18]	B. V. Hiremath, A. I. Kingon and J. V. Biggers, “Reaction Sequence in the Formation of Lead Zirconate-Lead Titanate Solid Solution: Role of Raw Materials,” Journal of American Ceramic Society, Vol. 66, No. 11, 1983 pp. 790-792. doi:10.1111/j.1151-2916.1983.tb10564.x
[19]	J. T. Last, “Infrared-Absorption Studies on Barium Titanate and Related Materials,” Physical Review, Vol. 105, No. 6, 1957, pp. 1740-1750. doi:10.1103/PhysRev.105.1740
[20]	C. A. Guarany, L. H. Z. Pelaio, E. B. Araújo, K. Yukimitu, J. C. S. Moraes and J. A. Eiras, “Infrared Studies of the Monoclinic-Tetragonal Phase Transition in Pb(Zr,Ti)O3 Ceramics,” Journal of Physics Condensed Matter, Vol. 15, No. 27, 2003, pp. 4851-4857. doi:10.1088/0953-8984/15/27/316
[21]	F. Bortolani and R. A. Dorey, “Molten Salt Synthesis of PZT Powder for Direct Write Inks,” Journal of the European Ceramic Society, Vol. 30, No. 10, 2010, pp. 2073-2079.