Microstructure and Microwave Absorption Properties of Y-Substituted Ni-Zn Ferrites ()
1. Introduction
Due to the fast development in information and communication technology, the environmental pollution from non-ionizing microwave irradiation has increased, and there are many researches on various materials which can be used as microwave absorbing and shielding materials. Nickel-zinc ferrites are a well-known class of technologically important ferrite used as microwave absorbing materials [1-3]. Microwave absorption properties are highly dependent on processing parameters and chemical composition. These factors can greatly influence the crystal size, magnetic properties, complex magnetic permeability (
) and complex permittivity (
) [4-7]. The Ni-Zn ferrite is a well-known mixed inverse spinel, whose unitary cell is represented by the formula (ZnxFe1−x)[Ni1−xFe1+x]O4 [8]. The addition of impurities induces changes in the defect structure and texture of the crystal [9], creating significant modifications in the magnetic and electrical properties of these materials. However, the synthesis route also plays a crucial role, so that samples of comparable crystallite size prepared by different processes show different electrical and magnetic properties. There are many methods to synthesize Ni-Zn ferrite, such as co-precipitation [5], thermal plasma [10], hydrolysis [11] etc.
The influences of rare earth (RE) substitution on the structural and magnetic properties of Ni-Zn ferrites have been studied [12,13]. The partial substitution of Fe3+ with a small amount of RE ions increases the electrical resistivity and the relative loss factor, whereas it slightly decreases Curie temperature, and the ferrites were made by the reaction combustion synthesis method and sintered at 1200˚C [12]. However, few studies have been done on the microwave absorption properties of these rare earth substitution Ni-Zn ferrites.
According pre-experiment, among different Ni-Zn ratios in the NixZn1−xFe2O4, the Ni0.7Zn0.3Fe2O4 possess of excellent magnetic properties. In this work, the Y-substituted Ni0.7Zn0.3Fe2O4 ferrites were prepared by sol-gel followed by a citrate-nitrate auto-combustion process in order to obtain the substitution ferrites at a relatively lower temperature; The influences of Y3+ substitution on the microstructure, magnetic properties and microwave absorption properties were investigated. Yttrium was selected as doped element because of its comparable radius with Fe.
2. Experimental
2.1. Synthesis
The Ni0.7Zn0.3YxFe2−xO4 (x = 0, 0.2) ferrite powders were prepared using sol-gel technique followed by an autocombustion process. The stoichiometric amounts of Ni(NO3)2, Zn(NO3)2, Fe(NO3)3·9H2O and Y(NO3)3·6H2O were dissolved in deionized water followed by the addition of citric acid. The solution was slowly evaporated at 353 K. The dry gel obtained after dried in 383 K was ignited in air and burned into dentritic and brittle powders. They were finally calcined at 1173K for one hour.
2.2. Characterization
The crystal structure of the materials were determined with X-ray diffraction (XRD) carried out on a BrukerAXS D8 Advanced diffractometer with Cu Kα radiation in the 2θ range from 10 to 80 with steps of 0.02, measurement time 2 s, measurement temperature 25˚C, standard: Si powder. The magnetic properties including of specific saturation magnetization (σs) and coercivity (Hc) of powders were measured with a vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM) model 155 (made in ED&G PRINCETON APPLIED RESEARCH U.S.A,) at a maximum applied field of 15 KOe at room temperature.
The specimens for microwave absorption test are prepared by mixing the Ni0.7Zn0.3YxFe2–xO4 ferrite powders with 30 wt% paraffin wax and made into a toroidal shape (φout: 7.03 mm, φin: 3.00 mm). The relative permeability and permittivity values of the specimens were measured in the 2 - 18 GHz using a network analyzer (Agilent Technologies 8722ES). The reflection loss (RL) curves were calculated from the relative permeability and permittivity at the given frequency and absorber thickness, according to the following equations [14]:
(1)
(2)
where f is the frequency of microwave, t is the thickness of absorber, c is the velocity of light, Z0 is the impedance for free space, and Zin is the input impedance of absorber. The RL values of –20 dB is comparable to the 99% of microwave absorption according to Equations (1) and (2), and thus “RL< –20 dB” is considered as an attractive potential microwave application.
3. Results and Discussions
3.1. Crystal Structure Analysis
For comparison purpose, the XRD patterns of original Ni-Zn ferrite is given in Figure 1(a), and the XRD patterns of Y-substituted Ni-Zn ferrite is shown in Figure 1(b). All the specimens were calcined at 1173K for 1 h in air. The crystal structure of Ni0.7Zn0.3Y0.2Fe1.8O4 determined from Figure 1(b) is spinel ferrite; no characteristic peaks for other phases are detected. It can be deduced that the Y are completely doped into the Ni-Zn ferrite. The cell parameters of the ferrites were refined using least square refinement methods. Average crystallite size (D) of all the samples is calculated using the Debyescherrer equation [15] given by
(3)
where λ is the wavelength of the X-ray radiation used and β is the full width at half intensity maximum (FWHM) of the most intense peak and θ is the diffraction angle of the most intense peak (311) .The results are given in Table 1. It can be seen that the change of the lattice parameter after the doping of Y is minor, and the crystallite size of the substituted Ni-Zn ferrites is much smaller. The magnetic properties were also shown in Table 1. It can be seen that the specific saturation magnetization (σs) increased and the coercivity (Hc) decreased with the substitution of Y. It is thus expected that the substitutedNiZn ferrite might possess different microwave absorbing properties when compared with the NiZn ferrites.
There are two possible existence state of Y in the Ni-Zn ferrites: Some of Y3+ entered the lattice and substituted the Fe3+; other Y diffused to the grain boundary during the sintering process. Y3+ ion entering the lattice can result in the increasing of the lattice parameter because of Y3+ ion’s larger radius (0.73 Å) than Fe3+ (0.67 Å); But Y congregating at grain boundary will reduce lattice parameter due to the vacancies left in the Ni-Zn lattice; As a combination of the two effect described above, no significant overall lattice parameterchange can be observed. As for the crystallite sizereducing, two kind
Figure 1. XRD patterns of Ni0.7Zn0.3YxFe2–xO4 ferrites ((a) x = 0; (b) x = 0.2).
Table 1. Lattice parameters, grain sizes and magnetic properties of Ni0.7Zn0.3YxFe2–xO4 ferrites.
of Y existence state both can constrain the growth of the grain: The Y substitution in the lattice will induce lattice distortion, internal stress caused by this distortion hinders the growth of grains; If Y diffused to the grain boundaries, that will also restrain the grain growth by lower down the grain mobility; That explains why the crystallite size of the substituted Ni-Zn ferrite is much smaller than un-doped ferrites. Similar results have also been reported in the literature [12,13].
3.2. Dielectric and Magnetic Parameters
Figure 2(a) shows the real part 
and the imaginary part 
of the relative complex permittivity for ferrites within the frequency of 2 - 18 GHz. It showed that the Y substitution increase the relative permittivity in the GHz frequency range, which is consistent with the result of literature [9]. The probable reason is the substitution induce more electric dipole, so the imaginary part of the relative complex permittivity 
increase. The real part (
) and the imaginary part (
) of the relative complex permeability are plotted as a function of frequency in Figures 2(b) and 2(c). With the substitution of the Y, the 
values will increase, it can be explained from the change of the magnetic properties. For the single wall anisotropic particles, there is