Vol.2, No.11, 1298-1301 (2010) Natural Science
http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/ns.2010.211157
Three influencing factors on the level of non-ionizing
radiation
Vasil Bilero
Department of Physics, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Gjirokaster, Gjirokaster, Albania;
Received 22 May 2010; revised 25 June 2010, accepted 28 June 2010.
ABSTRACT
The role of three factors on the level of non-
ionizing radiation is treated in this project: that
of 1) the distance of the exposed body from the
source, 2) the power of the source device and 3)
the frequency of the source. The important fac-
tor of time, as well as other factors, are not at all
ignored in this manuscript. In this work I em-
phasise the rules of the relationship with this
necessary contaminant, and that exposures to-
wards it should be avoided as far as possible.
Keywords: Source; Radiation; Non-Lonizing;
Distance; Power; Frequency; Exposure
1. INTRODUCTION
The general public is becoming increasingly aware of
the exposure that they face towards electromagnetic
fields. Rapid development in science has produce tech-
nologies which the public has become dependant on. For
the most part, public knowledge is insufficient to fully
understand the effects of these technologies and their
potential hazards. Even professionals of different fields,
in state or private enterprises, often lack the sufficient
scientific knowledge to appropriately contain exposures
to electromagnetic fields and frequently have a negative
influence on their containment. For these reasons, it is
the physicist’s urgent duty to raise public awareness of
this issue by whichever means he is able, and also to
guide governmental organs in how, and to what extent,
legislation should restrict this necessary contaminant.
2. THE WAVE NATURE OF
ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION
It is known that radiation has a wave nature. Thus
non-ionizing radiation as a consisting part, has the same
wave nature. The energy of non-ionizing radiation is
small and it can’t achieve ionization of material, includ-
ing here the biological molecule. However it does in-
crease its thermal energy, and this is an irreversible
process for the living beings [1-7].
3. SOURCE CLASSIFICATION OF
NON-IONIZING RADIATION
Here two classifications are presented in order to cre-
ate an idea of the sources of non-ionizing radiation:
a) The classification according to the effects see
[8,9,12].
b) The classification according to the frequencies see
[13].
4. SOME PHYSICS SCALES
ACCORDING TO WHICH THE
NON-IONIZING RADIATION IS
MEASURED.
The non-ionizing radiation is measured according to
some main physics scales: contact current(Ic), current
density (J), magnetic field strength (H), magnetic flux
density (B), electric field strength (E), power density (S)
and specific energy absorption rate (SAR, SARm)
[10,11].
5. MEASUREMENTS OF NON-IONIZING
RADIATION
The measurements have been taken in the districts of
Gjirokaster and Delvinë, Albania.
1) The object of measurements:
a) The non-ionizing radiation relation to the source
distance - exposed object (See Figure 1, Figure 2 and
Figure 3).
b) The non-ionizing radiation dependence on the
power of source device ( See Figure 4 and Figure 5).
c) The non-ionizing radiation dependence on the fre-
quency of source (See Figure 6 and Figure 7).
2) Measurements: Figure1, Figure 2, Figure 3, Fig-
ure 4, Figure 5, Figure 6, Figure 7
3) Comments on measurements:
a) Measurements of the magnetic induction of some

V. Bilero / Natural Science 2 (2010) 1298-1301 1299
No. Object measured
The level of magnetic induction in B(in

T) in dependence of distance
(the average value of 6 measurements for every measure point).
Europe norm.
of exposure in
B(

T)
1 Under the 110kV aerial
line in H/C Bistricë
25 m
0.545
26.5 m
0.541
28 m
0.511
29 m
0.490
30 m
0.464 0.5
2
Under the 10kV aerial
line of shoe factory in
Gjirokaster
4 m
0.482
5 m
0.413
6 m
0.398
7 m
0.355
8 m
0.332 0.5
3 Under the 6kV aerial
line in H/C Bistricë
4 m
0.455
5 m
0.385
6 m
0.365
7 m
0.321
8 m
0.312 0.5
4
Referring point the gate
the electric substation,
Delvinë
“ -4m”
0.482
“-3 m”
0.421
“ -2 m”
0.342
“-1m”
0.303
+1 m
0.211 0.5
5
The10kV- 220V Trans-
former in Pall.7 in
Pllakë Q., Gjirokastër
1 m
1.8333
1.3 m
1.703
1.5 m
1.611
1.8 m
1.525
2 m
1.4583 0.5
6
Under the 10kV-220V
electric aerial cabin of
Telecom, Gjirokastër
1 m
1.433
1.1m
1.113
1.3 m
0.836
1.5 m
0.812
2 m
0.735 0.5
Figure 1. The measurement of magnetic induction of some sources of non-ionizing radiation in dependence of dis-
tance[10,11]. Notes: 1) In measurement 4, the gate of enclosure of the substation is taken as origin of axis; 2) The inaccuracy of the
apparatus 1% and our inaccuracy in measurement

0.58% -

1.4%; 3) The frequency in all the cases 50 Hz.
0.312
0.321
0.365
0.385
0.455
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
45678
Distance from the source (m)
Magnetic Inductio
n
(µ?)
---------------------------Normativ Limit-------0.5--
-
Figure 2. (Measurements of line 3 Figure 1): the in-
fluence of distance from the source on radiation.
Distance (Under the 6 kV aerial line H/Β Delvinë)
[9,10].
1.433
1.113
0.836 0.812 0.735
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
11.11.31.52
Distance from the source (m)
Magnetic induction(μ
Τ
-----------Normativ Limit------0.5----------------------------------
-
Figure 3. (Measurement of line 6, Figure 1): the influence
of distance from source on radiation. ( The 10 kV-220 kV
electric aerial cabin of Telecom, Gjirokastër) [9,10].
sources of non-ionizing radiation depending on distance,
(also presented in Figure 1, Figure 2 and Figure 3)
showed that, with the increase of distance from the same
radiating source, the magnetic induction decreased.
Positively, in the first measurement under the 110kV
electric aerial line of Bistrica H/C, Delvinë, when the
distance between the field meter and this line increased
to 5m, the magnetic induction decreased by 0.081μT.
In the second measurement under the 10kV electric
aerial line of the Gjirokaster shoe factory, when the dis-
tance of the field meter increased to 4m, the magnetic
induction decreased by 0.15μT.
In the third measurement under 6kV electric aerial
line of Bistrica, Delvinë, when the distance of the field
meter increased to 4m, the magnetic induction decreased
by 0.143μT.
In the fourth measurement in the electric substation in
Delvinë, when the distance between the field meter and
the transformer furthest to the side increased to 4m, the
magnetic induction decreased by 0.271 μT.
In the fifth measurement on the 10kV-220V electric
transformer in Block of flat Nr.7, “Pllake” Quarter, Gji-
rokaster, when the distance between the field meter and
transformer increased to 1m, the magnetic induction
decreased by 0.375μT.
In the sixth measurement under the electrical aerial
cabin, where there is a 10kV-220V transformer of Tele-
com, Gjirokaster. When the distance between the field
meter and the transformer increased to 1m, the magnetic
induction decreased by 0.698μT.
In measurement 5 of Figure 1, the radiation level of a
10kV-220V electric transformer, 1.5m away from the
dwelling place, is presented. The magnetic induction in
the dwelling place is B = 1.611μT. This induction is
three times higher than the normative.
In measurement 6 of Figure 1, the radiation level of a
10kV-220V electric transformer, 1m away from a place
of 24 hour residence is presented. The magnetic induc-
tion in the place is B=1.433 μT. In this case the radiation
level was three times higher than the normative too.
Although in measurement 5 of Figure 1 the distance
from the source was as big as possible and in measure-
ment 6 of Figure 1 the distance was as small as possible,
the situation is as mentioned above.
In this case lack of knowledge and professional abuse
are predominant.
(μT)

V. Bilero / Natural Science 2 (2010) 1298-1301 1300
The average of 6 measurements of magnetic induction B (in

T) re-
lated to the power of the radiating device (in VA) with distance be-
tween the field measure probe and the source: 0.2 m
No Object measured
P1 =
1000 VA
P2=
2000 VA
P3=
5 000 VA
P
4
=
10 000 VA
Europe
norm.
of
exposure
B(

T)
1
Stabiliser “Photo Studio Y” in
“18 Shtatori” Quarter,
Gjirokastër
___ ___ ___
B
4
= 3.440

T 0.5
2
Stabiliser “Photo Studio X”
in ”18 Shtatori” Quarter,
Gjirokastër
___ ___
B3=
1.668

T
___ 0.5
3
Stabiliser“Foreign Language
Centre” in “18 Shtatori” Q.,
Gjirokastër
___ B2=
0.691


T
___ ___ 0.5
4
“Foreign
Language Centre” in”18
Shtatori”Q.,
Gjirokastër
B1 =
0.338

T
___ ___ ___ 0.5
Figure 4. Measurement of magnetic induction of some sources of non-ionizing radiation related to the power. Notes: 1)
The apparatus inaccuracy

1% our inaccuracy in measuring

0.29% -

0.46%; 2) Frequency in all cases 50 Hz[9,10].
0.338
3.44
1.668
0.691
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
4
100020005000 10000
Source power (VA)
Magnetic Induction (μΤ
)
---------------------
Normative Limit
-------------------
0. 5
--------------------
Figure 5. (Measures 1,2,3,4 of figure 4): the influ-
ence of the power of the source on radiation (Dis-
tance 0.2 m) [9,10].
b) The measurements of magnetic induction of some
sources of non-ionizing radiation with different powers,
of the same type, with a constant measuring distance (to
be precise 0.2m), presented in Figure 4 and Figure 5,
showed different radiation levels. With the reduction in
power the level of radiation decreased as well.
Referring to the measurement 1, 2, 3, 4 of Figure 4
and Figure 5 we notice that:
α) The magnetic induction of an electric stabiliser
with 5000 VA power, in Photo Studio “X” “18 Shtatori”
Quarter, Gjirokaster, compared to Photo Studio “Y”
electric stabiliser of 10000VA, in the same place, is
1.772 μT smaller.
β) In the Foreign Language Centre a 2000VA electric
stabiliser compared to the 10000VA stabiliser of Photo
Studio “Y”, both in “18 Shtatori” Quarter, Gjirokaster,
the magnetic induction is 2.749 μT less.
γ) Again in the Foreign Language Centre, a 1000VA
electric stabiliser compared to the 10000VA electric sta-
biliser of Photo Studio “Y”, in “18 Shtatori” Quarter,
Gjirokaster, the magnetic induction is 3.302 μT less.
In measure 1 of Figure 4, in Photo Studio “Y”, in “18
Shtatori” Quarter, Gjirokaster, it is noticed that a
10000VA stabiliser with induction B=3.440 μT (nearly 6
times of the normative), put there for some device, could
be replaced with ten 1000VA stabilisers with induction
B=0.338 μT (under the normative level) or it could be
replaced with five 2000VA stabilisers with B=0.691 μT
(just a little above normal where it could be manoeuvred
in distance) or with two 5000VA stabilisers with
B=1.668 μT (nearly 3 times of the normative where also
it could be manoeuvred in distance). Although there is
the full possibility of minimizing the radiation level, the
user of the device hasn’t done it. So we are faced with
the “cohabitation” of man with non-ionizing radiation
above normal levels. In larger areas there are devices of
high power close to inhabited places as well as devices
with unjustified power in small areas.
c) The measurement of magnetic induction of both
sources of the same type, with different frequencies, for
the same measuring conditions in general and the same
measuring distance in particular (actually 150m), dis-
played in Figure 6 and Figure 7, show they have dif-
ferent radiation levels. They show that, the smaller the
frequency, the smaller the radiation level is.
Between the second measurement of Figure 6, Figure
7, made in the mobile phone antenna, put on top of “X”
Hotel in 18 Shtatori Gjirokaster, with a frequency
900MHz and the first measurement on top of “Y” hill, in
Gjirokaster, with a frequency of 1800MHz, the differ-
ence of the non-ionizing radiation level is 0.276 μT. So,
in the first case it was 0.276 μT less.
6. CONCLUSIONS
For the three types of the above measurements we can
draw the corresponding conclusions:
1) When the exposed object from the non-ionizing

V. Bilero / Natural Science 2 (2010) 1298-1301 1301
Average of 6 measurements B (in

T)
of both antennas with the same distance
from the field measure (150m). Different
frequencies of antennas.
No. Location where measure-
ment took place
1800MHz 900 MHz
European normal
of exposure
B(

T)
Observation
1
Mobile Phone Antenna on
top of Hotel (X) in “18
Shtatori” Quarter, Gjiro-
kastër
____ 0.059

T 0.3 Below normal
2 Mobile Phone Antenna on
Hill (Y) in Gjirokastër 0.335

T ____ 0.4242 Below normal
Figure 6. Table of magnetic induction measurement of two sources of the same kind with different frequencies at the same
measuring distance. Note: 1) Apparatus inaccuracy

1% and our inaccuracy in measuring

0.51% -0.8%; 2) Frequency
in all cases 50 Hz.
0.059
0.059
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
900 1800
Frequencies(ΜHz)
Magnetic Induction(μΤ)
----------Normative limit--- 0.45----------------------------
Figure 7. (Measurement of line 1&2 of Figure 6): the influ-
ence of the frequency of the source on radiation.
source is mobile, its positioning should be at that dis-
tance from the source which corresponds to the norma-
tive radiation level. When it is absolutely fixed, the
source should be relocated.
2) The selection of radiating sources should be done
according to the necessary power. Devices with
highpower may not be relocated if unnecessary. When a
high power device is necessary and space of the living or
working area doesn’t allow to have them far away, their
power should be compensated by a low power
non-ionizing radiation source, as their radiation level is
smaller. It is very important to distribute the compensat-
ing sources so that we don’t have a superposition of
waves. Distribution should be done with a field measure,
so that the radiation level corresponds to the interna-
tional standards. Even when the radiation level is normal,
the exposure time in this case should also be according
to international standards.
The measurements ‘recommend’ the replacement of
high frequency antenna with antenna of low frequency,
according to the compensation method. Attention should
be paid to avoid a superposition of their waves. A su-
perposition of waves might be caused by other large
antennas from unknown sources. Such superposition
may cause above normative radiation, which should
definitely be avoided. The specialised and authorised
state organ should monitor periodically the state of af-
fairs and seek strict respect to the restrictive normatives
of ICNIRP with a special legislation.
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