[1]
|
WHO (2015) Leishmaniasis: Situation and Trends. World Health Organization.
http://www.who.int/gho/neglected_diseases/leishmaniasis/en/
|
[2]
|
Pringle, G. (1975) Oriental Sore in Iraq: Historical and Epidemiological Problems. Bulletin of Endmic Diseases (Baghdad), 2, 41-76.
|
[3]
|
Sharquie, K.E., Al-Najar, S.A., Noaimi, A.A. and Al-Heany, A.R. (2014) Cutaneous Leishmaniasis: Comparative Techniques for Diagnosis. Journal of Dental and Medical Science, 13, 33-37.
|
[4]
|
Sharquie, K.E., Najm, R.A., Farjou, I.B. and Al-Timimi, D.J. (2001) Oral Zinc Sulfate in the Treatment of Acute Cutaneous Leishmaniasis. Clinical and Experimental Dermatology, 26, 21-26.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-4632.2008.04010.x
|
[5]
|
Sundar, S. and Chakravarty, J. (2013) Leishmaniasis: An Update of Current Pharmacotherapy. Expert Opinion on Pharmacotherapy, 14, 53-63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1517/14656566.2013.755515
|
[6]
|
Thakur, C.P. (1986) Harmful Effect of High Dosage of Sodium Stibogluconate in Treatment of Kala-Azar in India. Ransactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 80, 672-673.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0035-9203(86)90178-1
|
[7]
|
Crof, S.L. and Coombs, G.H. (2003) Leishmaniasis-Current Chemotherapy and Recent Advances in the Search for Novel Drugs. Trends in Parasite, 19, 502-508. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pt.2003.09.008
|
[8]
|
Alrajhi, A.A., Ibrahim, E.A., De Vol, E.B., Khairat, M., Faris, R.M. and Maguire, J.H. (2002) Fluconazole for the Treatment of Cutaneous Leishmaniasis Caused by Leishmania Major. The New England Journal of Medicine, 346, 891-895. http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa011882
|
[9]
|
Salmanpour, R., Handjani, F. and Nouhpisheh, M.K. (2001) Comparative Study of the Efficacy of Oral Ketoconazole with Intra-Lesional Meglumine Antimoniate (Glucantime) for the Treatment of Cutaneous Leishmaniasis. Journal of Dermatological Treatment, 12, 159-162. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09546630152607899
|
[10]
|
Nassiri, K.M., Firooz, A., Khamesipour, A., Mojtahed, F., Nilforoushzadeh, M. and Hejazi, H. (2005) A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Clinical Trial of Iitraconazole in the Treatment of Cutaneous Leishmaniasis. Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology, 19, 80-83.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-3083.2004.01133.x
|
[11]
|
Ghosn, S.H. and Malek, J.M. (2012) Infestations, Bites and Stings. In: Wolff, K., Goldsmith, L.A., Katz, S.I., Gilchrest, B.A., Paller, A.S. and Leffell, D.J., Eds., Fitzpatrick’s Dermatology in General Medicine, 8th Edition, McGraw-Hill Company, New York, 206, 2527-2537.
|
[12]
|
Al-Mutaii, N., Alshiltawy, M., El Khalawany, M., Joshi, A., Eassa, B., Manchanda, Y. and Gomaa, S. (2009) Treatment of Old World Cutaneous Leishmaniasis with Dapsone, Itraconazole, Cryotherapy, and Imiquimod, Alone and in Combination. International Journal of Dermatology, 48, 862-869. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-4632.2008.04010.x
|
[13]
|
Sharquie, K.E. and Al-Talib, K.K. (1988) Intralesional Therapy of Cutaneous Leishmaniasis with Sodium Stibogluconate Antimony. British Journal of Dermatology, 119, 53-57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2133.1988.tb07100.x
|
[14]
|
Sharquie, K.E. (1995) A New Intralesional Therapy of Cutaneous Leishmaniasis with Hypertonic Sodium Chloride Solution. The Journal of Dermatology (Japan), 22, 732-737. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1346-8138.1995.tb03911.x
|
[15]
|
Sharquie, K.E., Najem, R.A. and Farjou, I.B. (1997) A Comparative Controlled Trial of Intralesional Administrated Zinc Sulfate, Hypertonic Saline Chloride and Pentavalent Antimony Compound against Acute Cutaneous Leishmaniasis. Clinical and Experimental Dermatology, 22, 169-173. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2230.1997.tb01054.x
|
[16]
|
Sharquie, K.E., Al-Waize, M. and Al-Asser, M. (2004) Therapy of Cutaneous Leishmaniasis with Intralesional Metronidazole. Saudi Medical Journal, 10, 1512-1513.
|
[17]
|
Asilian, A., Jalayer, T., Nilforooshzadh, M., Ghassemi, R.L., Peto, R. and Wayling, S. (2003) Treatment of Cutaneous Leishmaniasis with Aminosidine (Paromomycin) Ointment: Double-Blind Randomized Trial in the Islamic Republic of Iran. Bulletin of the World Health Organization, 81, 353-359.
|
[18]
|
Sharquie, K.E., Noaimi, A.A. and Al-Ghazzi, A.G. (2015) Treatment of Cutaneous Leishmaniasis by Topical 25% Podophyllin Solution (Single Blinded, Therapeutic, Controlled Study). Journal of Dermatology & Dermatologic Surgery, 19, 108-113. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jdds.2014.10.001
|
[19]
|
Sharquie, K.E., Al-Mashhadani, S., Noaimi, A.A. and Al-Zoubaidy, W.B. (2015) Microwave Therapy: New Treatment for Cutaneous Leishmaniasis. Our Dermatology Online, 6, 125-129.
|
[20]
|
Fatima, F., Khalid, A., Nazar, N., Abdalla, M., Mohomed, H., Toum, A.M., Magzoub, M. and Ali, M.S. (2005) In Vitro Assessment of Anti-Cutaneous Leishmaniasis Activity of Some Sudanese Plants. Türkiye Parazitoloji Dergisi, 29, 3-6.
|
[21]
|
Zerehaz, F., Salmanpour, R., Farhad, H., Aredhali, S., Panjehshahin, M.R., Tabei, S.Z., Tabatabaee, H.R. and Ms, (1990) A Double-Blind Randomized Clinical Trial of a Topical Herbal Extract (Z-HE) vs. Systemic Meglumine Antimoniate for the Treatment of Cutaneous Leishmaniasis in Iran. International Journal of Dermatology, 38, 610-612.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-4362.1999.00727.x
|
[22]
|
Gholami, A., Khamesippour, A., Momeni, A., Ghazanfari, T., Nilforoushzadeh, M.A., Darajeh, Z., et al. (2000) Treatment of Cutaneous Lieshmaniasis with 5% Garlic Cream: A Randomized, Double-Blind Study. Iranian Journal of Dermatology, 3, 2-6.
|
[23]
|
Mishra, B.B., Mishra, V.K. and Singh, R.K. (2011) Scope of Natural Product in Fighting against Leishmaniasis. 121-154.
|
[24]
|
Chan-Bacab, M.J. and Pena-Rodriguez, L.M. (2001) Plant Natural Products with Leishmanicidal Activity. Natural Product Reports, 18, 674-688. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/b100455g
|
[25]
|
AlShammary, M.N., Magged, R.H. and Mohammed, B.I. (2012) Effect of Phenolic Compound on the Viability of Leishmania tropica Promastigoites: A Comparative in Vitro Study. Al-Qadisyiah Medical Journal, 8, 84-94.
|
[26]
|
https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loranthus
|
[27]
|
http://www.bgflora.net/families/loranthaceae/loranthus/loranthus_europaeus/loranthus_europaeus_en.html
|
[28]
|
Guarino, C. and Simone, L.D. (2008) Ethnobotanical Study of the of the Sannio Area, Campania, Southern Italy. Ethnobotany Research & Applications, 6, 255-317.
|
[29]
|
Jawad, A.A.H., Al-Rubaee, M.A. and AL-Diab, J.M. (2006) Effects of Loranthus europaeus Seeds on Pyogenic Inflammation in Rabbits. Journal of Missan Researches, 2, 4.
|
[30]
|
Ahmed, S.A., Al-Shehbaz, I.A. and Al-Mashhadani, A.N. (2013) Vascular Plants of Hawraman Region in Kurdistan Iraq. 165-315.
|
[31]
|
https://translate.google.iq/translate?hl=ar&sl=it&tl=en&u=https%3A%2F%2Fit.m.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FLoranthus_europaeus&sandbox=1
|
[32]
|
Watson, L. and Dallwitz, M.J. (1991) The Families of Angiosperms: Automated Descriptions with Interactive Identification and Information Retrieval. Australian Systematic Botany, 4, 95-681. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/SB9910681
|
[33]
|
www.plantsystemtics.org/taxpage/0/genus/loranthus.html
|
[34]
|
Lakatos, F., Mirtchev, S. and Mehemeti, A. (2014) Hand Book of Major Forest Pests in Southeast Europe. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Pristina, 71-100.
|
[35]
|
Shavvon, R.S., Mehrvarz, S.S. and Golmohammadi, N. (2012) Evidence from Micromorphology and Gross Morphology of the Genus Loranthus (Loranthaceae) in Iran. Turkish Journal of Botany, 36, 655-666.
|
[36]
|
http://www.wmap.cz/opk/vmp/ros/ros14712.htm
|
[37]
|
https://commons.m.wikimedia.org/wiki/Loranthus_europaeus
|
[38]
|
Okuda, T., Yoshida, T., Chen, X.-M., Xie, X.-J and Fukushima, M. (1987) Corianin from Coriaria japonica A. Gray and Sesquiterpene Lactones from Loranthus parasiticus Merr. Used for Treatment of Schizophrenia. Chemical and Pharmaceutical Bulletin, 35, 182-187. http://dx.doi.org/10.1248/cpb.35.182
|
[39]
|
Sadik, G., Islam, R., Rahman, M.M., Khondkar, P. and Rashid, M.A. (2003) Antimicrobial and Cytotoxic Constituents of Loranthus globosus. Fitoterapia, 74, 308-311. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0367-326X(03)00041-8
|
[40]
|
Atta-Ur-Rahman, Khan, M.A. and Khan, N.H. (1973) Loranthol: A New Pentacyclic Triterpenoid from Loranthus grewinkii. Phytochemistry, 12, 3004-3006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0031-9422(73)80531-X
|
[41]
|
Anjaneyulu, A.S.R., Row, L.R. and Reddy, D.S. (1977) Chemical Constituents of Loranthus falcatus Linn. Current Science, 46, 850-851.
|
[42]
|
Lin, J.H. and Lin, Y.T. (1999) Flavonoids from the Leaves of Loranthus kaoi (Chao) Kiu. Journal of Food and Drug Analysis, 7, 185-190.
|
[43]
|
Harvala, E., Exner, J. and Becker, H. (1984) Flavonoids of Loranthus europaeus. Journal of Natural Products, 47, 1054-1055. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/np50036a034
|
[44]
|
Zhou, H., Zeng, Z., Liu, R. and Chi, Z. (1993) Purification and Characterization of a Cytotoxin from Loranthus Parasiticus Merr. Journal of Sichuan University, 30, 102-106.
|
[45]
|
Indrani, N., Rao, V.S., Balasubramanian, K., Reddy, K.K. and Vijayaramayya, T. (1980) Studies on Loranthus longiflorus Desr. Tannins. Leather Science, 27, 438-439.
|
[46]
|
Young, K.K., Young, S.K. and Sang, U.C.H. (2004) Isolation or Flavonol Rhamnoside from Loranthus tanakae and Cytotoxic Effect of Them on Human Tumor Cell Line. Research Articles, Archives of Pharmacal Research, 27, 44-47.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02980044
|
[47]
|
Obatomi, D.K., Aina, V.O. and Temple, V.J. (1996) Effects of African Mistletoe Extract on Blood Pressure in Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats. International Journal of Pharmacognosy, 34, 124-127.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1076/phbi.34.2.124.13197
|
[48]
|
Obatomi, D.K., Bikomo, E.O. and Temple, V.J. (1994) Anti-Diabetic Properties of the African Mistletoe in Strptozocin-Induced Diabetic Rats. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 43, 13-17.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0378-8741(94)90111-2
|
[49]
|
Kusumoto, I.T., Shimada, I., Kakiuchi, N., Hattori, M. and Namba, T. (1992) Inhibitory Effects of Indomnesian Plant Extracts on Reverse Transcriptase of an RNA Tumor Virus (I). Phytotherapy Research, 6, 241-244.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ptr.2650060504
|
[50]
|
Hamed, M.N., Numan, I.T. and Hassan, A.F. (2013) Evaluation of Anti-Inflammatory Effect of Ethyl Acetate and Methanol Extract of Loranthus eueopaeus in Experimental Models of Acute Inflammation in Rat. Int. J. Pharm. Sci. Rev. Res, 23, 170-174.
|
[51]
|
Nuaman, I.T. (2012) Effects of Loranthus europaeus Ethenylacetate and Chloroform Extract on the Growth of Rhabdomyosarcoma and Rat Embryo Fibroblast Cell Line. International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, 4, 234-237.
|
[52]
|
Jawad, A.A.H., AL-Rubaee, M.A. and Al-Diab, J.M. (2007) Oil Extract of Loranthus europaeus Seed Promotes Wounds Healing. Basrah Journal of Veterinary Research, 6.
|
[53]
|
Al-Fartosy, A.J. and Al-Rikaby, A.K. (2007) Antioxidant Action of Monoterpene from Loranthus europaeus L. Seeds. Al Basra Journal for Agricultural Science, No. 20.
|
[54]
|
Katsarou, A., Rhizopouiou, S. and Kefalas, P. (2012) Antioxidant Potential of the Aerial Tissues of the Mistletoe Loranthus europeaus Jacq. Record of Natural Product, 6, 349-379.
|
[55]
|
Gill, L.S. and Hawksworth, F.G. (1961) The Mistletoes: A Literature Review. Technical Bulletin, 1242, 2-24.
|
[56]
|
Wright, C.W. and Phillipson, J.D. (1990) Natural Product and Development of Selective Antiprotozoal Drugs. Phytotherapy Research, 4, 127-139. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ptr.2650040402
|
[57]
|
Huynh, C., Sacks, D.L. and Andrews, N.W. (2006) A Leishmania amazonenissis Family Iron Transporter Is Essential for Parasite Replication within Macrophage Phagolysosome. The Journal of Experimental Medicine, 203, 2363-2375.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1084/jem.20060559
|
[58]
|
Leopoldi, M., Russo, N. and Chiodo, S. (2006) Iron Chelation by the Powerful Antioxidant Falavonoid Quercetin. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 54, 6343-6351. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jf060986h
|
[59]
|
Sen, G., Mukhopadhyay, S., Ray, M. and Biswas, T. (2008) Quercetin Interferes with Iron Metabolism in Leishmania donovani and Target Ribonucleotide Reductase to Exert Leishmanicidal Activity; in Vivo Study. Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy, 61, 1066-1075.
|
[60]
|
Minura, Y.H., Tomita, I., Watanabe, T. and Hirayama, T. (1998) Active Oxygen Generation by Flavonoids. Biological and Pharmaceutical Bulletin, 21, 93-96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1248/bpb.21.93
|
[61]
|
Slilva, F.F., Inacio, J.D.F. and Cavalheiro, M.M.C. (2011) Reactive Oxygen Species Production and Mitochondrial Dysfunction Contribute to Quercetin Induced Death in Leishmania amazonesis. PLoS ONE, 6, e14666.
|
[62]
|
Romo, T. (2004) Wound Healing. Skin J. E. Medicine, 111.
|
[63]
|
Lorena, D. (2002) Normal Scaring: Importance of Myofibroblast. Wound Repair & Regeneration, 10, 86-92.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1524-475X.2002.00201.x
|
[64]
|
Shah, M., Foreman, D.M. and Ferguson, M.W.J. (1992) Control of Scaring in Adult Wound by Neutralizing Antibodies to Transforming Growth Factors Beta. The Lancet, 339, 213-214.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0140-6736(92)90009-R
|
[65]
|
Irvin, T.T. (1985) Wounds and Wound Healing. Archives of Emergency Medicine, 2, 3.
|
[66]
|
Davis, R.H. and Maro, N.P. (1989) Aloe vera and Gibberellin. Anti-Inflammatory Activity in Diabetes. Journal of the American Podiatric Medical Association, 79, 24-26.
|
[67]
|
Rubin, M.B. (1984) Vitamins & Wound Healing. Plastic Surgical Nursing, 4, 16-19.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00006527-198400410-00003
|
[68]
|
Bigbie, R.B. Schumacher, J., Swaim, S.F. and Purohit, R.C. (1991) Effect of Ammonia and Life Yeast Cell Derivative on Second Intention Healing in Horses. Am. J. Vet. Res., 52, 176-1382.
|
[69]
|
Surguna, L., Sivakummar, P. and Chandrakasan, G. (1996) Effects of Centella asisatica Extract on Dermal Wound Healing in Rats. Indian Journal of Experimental Biology, 34, 1208-1211.
|
[70]
|
Ubaid, J.A., Ahmed, S.H. and Al-Saaedy, K.M. (2012) The Activity of Hot Watery and Alcoholic Extract of Seeds of Loranthus euroupaeus in Treatment of Burns. International Journal for Science and Technology, 7, 115-121.
|
[71]
|
Tzianabos, A.O. (2000) Polysaccharide’s Immunomodulator as Therapeutic Agent. Clinical Microbiology Review, 13, 523-533.
|
[72]
|
Henson, P.M. and Johonsto, R.B. (1987) Tissue Injury in Inflammation, Oxidant Proteinases and Cationic Proteins. The Journal of Clinical Investigation, 79, 669-674. http://dx.doi.org/10.1172/JCI112869
|
[73]
|
Möse, J. (1983) Effect of Echinacin on Phagocytosis and Natural Killer Cells. Die Medizinische Welt, 34, 463-467.
|
[74]
|
Melzer, J, Iten, F., Hostanska, K. and Saller, R. (2009) Efficacy and Safety of Mistletoe Preparation (Viscum album) for Patients with Cancer Disease. Forschende Komplementärmedizin, 16, 217-226.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000226249
|
[75]
|
Stumpf, C., Rosenberger, A. and Rieger, S. (2000) Mistletoe Extract in the Therapy of Malignant Hematological and Lymphatic Disease: A Monocentric, Respective Analysis over 16 Years. Forschende Komplementärmedizin, 7, 139-146. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000021330
|
[76]
|
Lee, T. and Chen, C.L. (2009) Study on Antioxidant Activity of Echinaceea purpura L. Extract and Its Impact on Cell Viability. African Journal of Biotechnology, 8, 5097-5105.
|
[77]
|
Cholkova, M., Christov, D.V., Dimitrova, L. and Evtativa, R. (2002) Flavonoids and Terpenoides Isolated from Loranthus europaeus with Stimulatory Effect on Lymphocyte Proliferation. Experimental Pathology and Parasitology, 91, 45-48.
|
[78]
|
Arman, Z., Zarshenas, M.M. and Aliasghar, K. (2013) Management of Stroke as Described by Ibn Sina (Avicenna) in Canon Medicine. International Journal of Cardiology, 5, 233-237.
|
[79]
|
Hassan, A.F., Numan, I.T., Al-Sammarrae, K.W. and Hussain, S.A. (2011) Hematopoietic Toxicity of Loranthus europeus Chloroform Extract: In-Vitro Study. Pharmacie Globale International Journal of Comprehensive Pharmacy, 2, 1-4.
|
[80]
|
Al-Azawi, A.F., Numan, I.T. and Al-Sammarrae, K.W. (2011) Genotoxic Study of Different Extract of Loranthus europeaus Fruits on Bone Marrow and Spleen Cells of Mice: In-Vivo Study.
|
[81]
|
Sharquie, K.E., Noaimi, A.A. and Saleh, B.A.M. (2015) Topical 40% Loranthus europaeus Ointment Versus Topical 25% Podophyllin Solution in the Treatment of Acute Cutaneous Leishmaniasis (Single Blinded, Therapeutic, Comparative study). A Thesis Submitted to the Scientific of Dermatology & Venereology as a Partial Fulfillment for the Degree of Fellowship of Iraqi Board for Medical Specializations in Dermatology & Venereology.
|