Neutronic Analysis of Generic Heavy Water Research Reactor Core Parameters to Use Standard Hydride Fuel ()
1. Introduction
Since many years of nuclear power plant operation, uranium dioxide fuel has been used as the most common fuel in light water reactors. The history of using Uranium-hydrate-zirconium composition as a fuel is older than oxide-type fuel. The properties of Uranium-zirconium hydride fuel have been reviewed in Olander et al. work [1]. Although nuclear power plants have been used for many years, scientists are seeking methods to produce optimized and economic power in nuclear power plants. Therefore, a group of scientists from University of California, and Massachusetts Institute of Technology, with financial and scientific support from Westinghouse Company, carried out a comprehensive research on hydride fuel, and decided to establish power nuclear reactors and research reactors using this type of fuel [2-4].
It has been tried in this paper to design a generic heavy water research reactor core with Uranium-zirconium hydride fuel, and carry out the reactor core neutronic calculations for feasibility analysis of reactor utilization and changing the coolant and moderator circuits to light water.
2. Methods and Materials
The methodology in this research consists of neutronic calculations of the generic 40 MW power research reactor core considering hydride fuel and light water moderator instead of uranium dioxide fuel and heavy water [5,6].
Since diffusion equations are less accurate than transport equations in mediums such as those near the boundaries as well as mediums with strong neutron absorbents, diffusion equations could not be used, and transport equations are applied instead. For simulation of fuel assembly, WIMSD-4 code has been used. WIMSD-4 is a general lattice cell program, which uses transport theory to calculate the flux as a function of energy and position in the cell. WIMSD-4 code has been extensively used for effective cross-section computations [7]. Reactor core is simulated by CITATION code and group constants such as diffusion coefficient and macroscopic cross sections, infinite multiplication factor (kinf), effective multiplication factor (keff) and fuel burn-up are calculated. This code was designed to solve problems involving the finite-difference representation of diffusion theory treating up to three space dimensions with arbitrary group-to-group scattering. The neutron flux-eigenvalue problems are solved by direct iteration to determine the multiplication factor or the nuclide densities required for a critical system [8].
Thus, using CITATION code and incorporating parameters related to transport equation which are resulted from WIMSD-4 code, the following neutronic parameters could be obtained [9].
Neutron flux; total path length covered by all neutrons in one cubic centimeter during one second. Mathematically, 
, where, 
is neutron flux (number of neutrons per cm2 per second), n is neutron density, and v is neutron velocity.
Power distribution; in order to ensure predictable temperatures and uniform depletion of the fuel installed in a reactor, numerous measures are taken to provide an even distribution of flux throughout the power producing section of the reactor. Varying the fuel enrichment (fuel concentrations) in the core radially, axially, or both, variation in the poison loading (poison zoning), and suppressing the flux fluctuations in the vicinity of the control rods are the main approaches to reach uniform power distribution.
Power peaking factor (PPF); axially power peaking factor (however radial ones is present) has been calculated by dividing maximum power in each plane to axially averaged power in hot fuel assembly. Minimization of the power peaking can be obtained by making the core’s power distribution as flat as possible (to increase margins to thermal limits, e.g., critical heat flux and fuel temperatures).
Infinite multiplication factor and effective multiplication factor; a measure of the increase or decrease in neutron flux in an infinite reactor, which has no neutron leakage, is the infinite multiplication factor, kinf (
). In other words, infinite multiplication factor is the ratio of the neutrons produced by fission in one generation to the number of neutrons lost through absorption in the preceding generation. The multiplication factor that takes leakage into account (in a finite reactor) is the effective multiplication factor (keff), which is defined as the ratio of the neutrons produced by fission in one generation to the number of neutrons lost through absorption and leakage in the preceding generation.
A fuel assembly containing 18 fuel rods, similar to the present reactor fuel assembly, is simulated. Figure 1 demonstrates a fuel assembly similar to a generic heavy water research reactor with hydride fuel [5].
In order to decrease central temperature in hydride fuel rods, helium has been replaced by the liquid metal (Pb-Bi-Sn) in the gaps. For more information on hydride fuel properties, see [1,2].
Considering the usage of hydride fuel in the calculations, it is obvious that light water plays roles of both coolant and moderator. The properties of the fuel rod used in the simulation are presented in Table 1 [4].
It is notable that boric acid is utilized as a neutron flux controller in calculations. Boric acid density ranges over 0.15 - 0.55 × 1019 (atom·cm−3).
Figure 2 demonstrates the simulated core in CITATION code.