Contrasting Vertical Structure of Recent Arctic Warming in Different Data Sets ()
1. Introduction
The largest magnitude of the recent temperature change has been observed in the northern midand high-latitudes [1]. As the Arctic warms, the physical and ecological surface environment of the region experiences unprecedented transition from snow and ice to tundra and open water [2]. There are however considerable differences in the temperature trends between regions and latitudes [3] that are likely interconnected. Moreover, during this transition, the temperature change in the near surface atmospheric layer can be not indicative to the large-scale climate processes as melting snow and ice would keep the temperature close to freezing point [4].
The very complicated geographical and seasonal patterns of the temperature change found in available data sets are often inconsistent. These inconsistencies cause extensive debates and hinder the attribution of the climate change mechanisms. This study addresses the inconsistency of the vertical structure of the temperature trends. The problem is important as it is directly related to distinction between the anthropogenic and natural climate variability and as it is significant to understanding of the scale of physical feedbacks (e.g. the ice-albedo and ice-clouds feedbacks) in high latitudes. The related studies contrast the surface temperature (ST) trends [5] and the tropospheric temperature (TT) trends [6]. The surface feedbacks should result at the first place in the amplification of the ST trends, as the shallow atmospheric boundary layer would confine the temperature change in the lowermost atmospheric layers [7,8]. On the contrary, the large-scale circulation feedbacks and teleconnections [9-12] could result in different TT trends, unrelated to ST trends, at least during the climate transition period, as the lowermost atmospheric layers capped by a strong temperature inversion and to large degree decoupled from the tropospheric variability [4].
Because both the surface and teleconnection feedbacks are acting independently to some extent in the earth’s climate system, climate datasets may provide a differing view on their relative importance and scale of impact, thus introducing different biases. Those biases have been a matter of debate following Graversen et al. [6] report on stronger TT trends in ERA-40 reanalysis data between 1979 and 2002. This finding was questioned in a series of successive publications, which used other reanalysis products and radiosonde data [13-15]. In particular, Alexeev et al. [15] showed that the trend patterns strongly depend on the data set used and that there is little agreement between reanalysis, observation and blended data sets on the extent, geographical distribution and seasonality of the warming. The present study extends the results in [15] to address the vertical and zonally integrated temperature trend differences in several data sets.
2. Data
This study is based on temperature data taken from: IABP/POLES [16], CRU [17], NANSEN [18], and HadAT [19] datasets; and from ERA-40 reanalysis [20]. In order to make the data sets comparable, the analysis was limited to 1979-2002 with some data sets covering even shorter time interval.
IABP/POLES is the International Arctic Buoy Program (IABP) data [16]. The Polar Science Center of the Applied Physics Laboratory, University of Washington, in collaboration with the participants of IABP, has maintained a network of drifting Argos buoys in the Arctic Ocean since 1979. The data are collected at the World Data Center for Glaciology at the National Snow and Ice Data Center (NSIDC). The dataset used in this study covers 1979-2002. The monthly mean data interpolated on 1 by 1 degree regular grid were obtained from http:// iabp.apl.washington.edu/data_satemp.html.
CRU is the Climate Research Unit data (CRUTEM2v) collected at the University of East Anglia, UK [17]. A land station temperature database was used to produce a gridded dataset of temperature anomalies of 5 by 5 degree resolution. It is available from http://www.cru.uea. ac.uk/cru/data/. It is worse noting that in high latitudes the CRU data set significantly deviates from the GISS data set [1].
NANSEN is a new 2.5 by 2.5 degree resolution gridded dataset created in the Nansen Environmental and Remote Sensing Center, Bergen, Norway and Nansen International Environmental and Remote Sensing Center, Sankt-Peterburg, Russia [18]. The data cover the region north of 40˚N for the period 1900-2000, using all available surface air temperature data including land meteorological stations, IABP, Russian and western drifting stations, and Russian patrol ships. The in situ data were optimally interpolated using a standard objective analysis method. The main advantage of NANSEN dataset is its enhanced spatial coverage, especially in the central Arctic north of 70˚N. This is an important feature making it indispensable for the present analysis. Data is available from http://www.niersc.spb.ru/NANSEN_SAT_gridded.rar.
HadAT is globally gridded radiosonde temperature anomalies prepared by the Hadley Centre [19]. HadAT consists of temperature anomaly time series on 9 standard reporting pressure levels (850 hPa to 30 hPa). In our analysis, we used monthly and zonally averaged product. Detail description of the product and the data are available from http://hadobs.metoffice.com/hadat/.
3. Results
In this study, temperature trends (TT and ST) were computed using the least-square fit method for the linear function (realised in MATLAB subroutine “detrend”) over the entire period 1979-2002 (or from the period available in the data set). At a first step, monthly temperature anomalies in each greed node were calculated, which gave total of 284 months of data. At a second step, the data were averaged within latitude bands. Finally, the obtained (year, band, month) dataset was de-trended for every month of the year thus providing a 2-D array (band, month) of temperature trends.
Figure 1 shows the ST trends in four data sets: the reanalysis ERA-40 set, the objectively interpolated and combined NANSEN set, the gridded CRU set and the in situ IABP/POLES set. The CRU and ERA-40 trends are similar in the lowand mid-latitudes but differ in highlatitudes. The trend in the NANSEN data generally follows the CRU trend but the trend of in situ IABP/POLES data follows ERA-40.